As a result of an aircraft accident, the victim's body is often injured simultaneously or in rapid succession by the following several factors, and the effect of one factor often overlaps with another:
1) dynamic and shock overloads;
2) counter air flow;
3) explosive decompression;
4) atmospheric electricity;
5) thermal effect;
6) toxic products of combustion and pyrolysis;
7) blunt objects located inside the aircraft;
8) blast wave;
9) external parts of the aircraft;
10) running engines;
11) high-altitude decompression;
12) shaking, vibration.
When an aircraft collides with an obstacle, they can cause overloads, reaching very large values \u200b\u200bof the order of tens and even hundreds of g units. At the same time, the body is torn off the back of the chair and is held in place by the harness. Depending on the magnitude of the overload, the consequences for the victims can be of a different nature - from functional disorders of breathing and blood circulation associated with the relative movement of the internal organs of the chest and abdomen, and loss of consciousness - to mechanical damage with seat belts in the form of abrasions, bruises, sometimes skin breaks and soft tissues, injuries of the spine, and when an aircraft collides at high speed with an obstacle or the ground - in the form of gross damage to all tissues at the level of the harness belts up to the separation of the upper body. In the latter case, as a rule, there is a subsequent significant destruction of the head and body as a result of the impact of these body parts on objects located in front.
Radial accelerations and the corresponding overloads occur when trying to get out of a dive in emergency situations. In these cases, there is a significant displacement of soft tissues, internal organs and especially blood in large vessels, accompanied by a sharp violation of breathing, blood circulation, functions of the central nervous system, visual impairment, loss of consciousness, as well as traumatic damage to tissues and vital organs.
With the direction of the overload in the direction of the head-leg, a significant part of the circulating blood (up to 1/4 of the total mass) moves into the vessels of the abdominal cavity and limbs, as a result of which the work of the heart is disrupted, cerebral anemia develops with loss of consciousness. The outcome in such a situation will depend on the duration of the unconscious state and the flight altitude at which the loss of consciousness occurred. As a result of the displacement and deformation of the internal organs and tissues of the abdominal cavity and a sharp overflow of blood with them, multiple hemorrhages can be observed in the mesentery of the intestine, under the capsule and in the ligaments of internal organs, and loose fatty tissue.
Overloads directed from the legs to the head are much more difficult for a person. Already at an acceleration of about 4-5 g, a strong rush of blood to the head occurs, accompanied by redness and swelling of the face, nosebleeds, multiple minor hemorrhages in the skin of the face, conjunctiva of the eyes, membranes and the substance of the brain. A sharp increase in intracranial pressure leads to rapid loss of consciousness and death. In this case, fractures of the upper and lower extremities, compression fractures of the spine, fractures of the base and vault of the skull, injuries of soft extremities can be observed.
The counter flow of air at high flight speeds (800-1000 km / h and more) has the properties of a solid, since the force of pressure of the air flow under these conditions exceeds the weight of a person by 50-70 times. Oncoming airflow can rip off household items and clothing. When the oxygen mask is ruptured, a sharp deformation of the soft tissues of the face occurs with extensive hemorrhage and their detachment from the underlying bones, rupture of the corners of the mouth, damage to the eyeballs. A jet of air that has penetrated under high pressure into the upper respiratory tract and esophagus can lead to barotrauma of the lungs and stomach; reflexive respiratory failure and cessation of oxygen supply causes acute oxygen starvation. As a result of the separation of hands from the armrests and legs from the footrests,
scattering of limbs, accompanied by dislocations, stretching of the articular ligaments, muscle tears, hemorrhages.
Explosive decompression is observed in flight at an altitude of more than 8-9 thousand meters as a result of emergency cabin depressurization. As a result of a sharp drop in pressure, a person may experience barotrauma of the lungs and hearing aids, as well as gas embolism. Barotrauma of the hearing aid is accompanied by rupture of the tympanic membrane, damage to the ossicles, hemorrhage in the tissues of the middle and inner ear and the tympanic cavity.
With barotrauma of the lungs, there is liquid blood in the airways, acute distention of the lungs, multiple focal hemorrhages and ruptures of the lung tissue. Along with the large-focal nature of changes in the lung tissue along the branching of the bronchi, small ruptures and hemorrhages are also observed.
Blunt objects located inside the aircraft are the main damaging factor when the aircraft falls and hits the ground. In this case, deformation and destruction of its structure occurs, as well as the mutual displacement of the people in the plane and the objects around them. The resulting shock overloads, depending on the speed and angle of incidence of the aircraft, can exceed hundreds and even thousands of times the force of impact on the injured, observed during ground transport accidents.
The result of shock overloads of enormous force can be a gross destruction of the body with the separation of individual parts of it (head, limbs, pelvic region) with extensive tears and crushing of the skin and soft tissues, crushing of bones, opening of body cavities and crushing, separation, movement of internal organs or their ejection out.
The blast wave is the most powerful damaging factor resulting from an explosion of fuel in fuel tanks or a terrorist attack. Most often, the first explosion occurs when the plane hits the ground, sometimes in the air after touching the ground. When a jet plane falls to the ground in a dive mode, followed by an explosion, the crater can reach a depth of several meters. A powerful blast wave causes complete destruction of aircraft structures and bodies. At the same time, the remains are found both in the funnel itself and outside it, scattered over an area with a radius of up to 300-500 m.When an explosion in the air after touching the ground, the remains of people who were in an airplane are scattered at a distance of up to 3 km in the direction of flight and up to 1.5 km away from the explosion site.
With the complete destruction of the body as a result of an explosion, they usually find individual small flaps of skin without sedimentation of their edges, auricles with a part of the temporal bone, pieces of internal organs, bone fragments with pieces of soft tissue, sometimes hands, feet or parts thereof. In a terrorist attack, extensive damage with detachment of body parts, multiple through and blind shrapnel wounds are received by persons who are in the immediate vicinity of the explosion site, the rest are most often killed as a result of mechanical damage during the subsequent fall of the aircraft and hitting the ground.
As a result of the action of the flame, clothing can ignite, burns to the body, as well as posthumous burning of corpses, reaching extreme degrees with charring of soft tissues and bones, up to their incineration. Sometimes a fire is preceded by an explosion; in these cases, the remains of corpses are already exposed to thermal effects.
Photo from the site interfax.ruThe emergency situation on board the Russian airliner Airbus 321 developed rapidly.
According to LifeNews, at present, experts have managed to establish the approximate time of death of most of the passengers who died in a plane crash on the Sinai Peninsula. According to a source in the investigating authorities, all the people on board the liner died at about the same time, and the difference between the time of death does not exceed 5-7 minutes.
The identities of some of the dead passengers on the A321 flight will be identified by eyelashes and hair from the head. According to sources, more than 200 scattered biological fragments were found at the site of the tragedy, of which at the moment it seems possible to "recover" only 146 bodies. More than 240 DNA samples were sent to Moscow for genetic examination.
As previously reported, the Russian plane crashed on October 31 in Egypt. There were 224 people on board, of which 217 were passengers. Including in the liner there were more than 20 children, the youngest of whom was only ten months old. None of the passengers and crew members survived.
Sputnik seconds before the crash of the Russian liner.
Head of the State Duma Committee on International Affairs Alexey Pushkov - in his opinion, this will improve the level of flight safety.
Families of those killed in the plane crash .
Over Torez in Donetsk region has become a black page in the history of Ukraine and a global tragedy. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe crash of the Malaysian Airlines plane, including near the village of Grabovo, specialists are combing the territory in search of the bodies of the dead, things and the remains of the liner. The remains of the passengers are marked with white flags.
The footage from the spot is striking - charred bones, body parts, torn watches, burned parts of the aircraft.
WARNING. The photo is not recommended for children, women and people with mental problems
Recall that the Boeing 777 plane crash claimed the lives of 298 people, including. Among the victims of the disaster near Torez - 154 citizens of the Netherlands, 27 citizens of Australia, 23 citizens of Malaysia, the United States, six citizens of Great Britain, Australia, 11 citizens of Indonesia, four citizens of Germany, three citizens of the Philippines, four citizens of Belgium, one citizen of Canada. The civil origin of the remaining 47 victims is being investigated.
Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko called the crash a terrorist act. The Interior Ministry stated that the airliner was shot down from a Buk air defense missile system. A video appeared on the Internet showing a Buk anti-aircraft missile system passing through the town of Snezhnoe (Donetsk region) shortly before the crash, presumably with militias.
To the fall of the Malaysian Boeing, although before the appearance of information about the crash of a passenger airliner, Russian media, citing supporters of the self-proclaimed "Donetsk people's republic", reported that
An-148 Saratov Airlines passenger plane flew from Moscow to the city of Orsk in the Orenburg region. Onboard there were 65 passengers and 6 crew members. A few minutes after takeoff, the plane disappeared from the radar screens. The wreckage of the plane was found in the suburbs. As representatives of the Ministry of Health later confirmed, all the people on board died.
ForumDaily collected all the information known about the victims and those who at the last moment returned the flight ticket and survived.
One citizen of Azerbaijan was on board An-148. Information about two more foreigners was not confirmed.
Three children were among the dead. The eldest, according to preliminary data, was 17 years old, the second - 13, the youngest - 5, said a representative of the government of the Orenburg region.
Ilya Poletaev, a teenager who flew aboard the crashed An-148. The T-shirt has the inscription "Dangerous Flight". Photo: social networks.
More than 60 passengers were residents of the Orenburg region, 4 crew members were residents of the Saratov region.
Technicians who examined the An-148 aircraft of Saratov Airlines before the flight were on board at the time of the crash, the Saratov Transport Prosecutor's Office told RIA Novosti:
The interlocutor of the agency explained that the plane is inspected every two days, and for the last time it passed an inspection in the order of operational maintenance in Penza on Saturday. “Two technicians who served the vessel were on board the vessel,” the source said to the agency.
In addition, on board the plane An-148 that crashed today was the 22-year-old beloved of Vladivostok's defender "Admiral" Sergei Ilyin Daria Tolmasova.
“A terrible grief happened in our family ... Today, as a result of a plane crash on board a plane en route from Moscow to Orsk, a friend of our defender,“ Admiral ”Sergei Ilyin, Daria Tolmasova, died. She was only 22 years old ... We express our deepest condolences to our friend and his family ... Seryozha, hold on and be strong .. ", - written in Instagram.
Ironically, one of the passengers who died in today's plane crash in the Moscow region repost a video of the plane landing in harsh weather conditions.
Alexander Sergoshko was only 30 years old. The last time he went to his page on VKontakte was at 13:54, that is, about an hour before the crash, writes Life. By some damn insulting coincidence, just a few days before that, he made a repost of a video showing a plane landing in such weather conditions.
Apparently, Sergei already then, having a plane ticket in his hands, feared for his life.
Judging by his photographs and publications, he was a kind and inquisitive guy with a broad outlook. He loved to travel and followed the news of science.
The son of the director of the Gaysky GOK, Ilya Stavsky, died in the airplane crash. He turned 33 today, he flew on his birthday.
Judging by the page on the social network, Ilya was fond of Eastern philosophy. He had many friends. On the wall, the young man mostly posted edifying quotes from public pages. The last time Ilya was online was today at 13:58 - right before the tragedy ...
The unscrupulous work of the car dealership saved the flight from the crashed plane.
“Recently I made a purchase of a car at the Orsk car dealership. As a result, the car was not delivered on time, and I had to surrender tickets and buy new ones for February 19. Today I stayed in Sochi. Thanks to the car dealership in Orsk for not bringing the car on time, and I stayed alive. I lost 10 thousand, but I survived. And indeed he was born again, "- said" VM "Kolomeytsev.
Recall that the plane of "Saratov Airlines", flying from Moscow to Orsk, from the radar 7 minutes after departure from Domodedovo. After that, the Interfax agency reported that the plane crashed near the village of Argunovo in the Ramensky district of the Moscow region.
For a long time man has wanted to feel himself closer to the sky, to feel the feeling of flight. Numerous attempts to create a mechanism capable of lifting a person into the air were crowned with success only in the 19th century. Over time, air travel became very popular, but it turned out to be not so safe.
The founder of the plane crashes that resulted in human casualties happened in America, in the state of West Virginia at the Fort Meyers army base during the air show on September 17, 1908. Then the farmman, designed by the Wright brothers, crashed. Many years have passed, designs have become more improved, comfortable giant liners have replaced small planes. Unfortunately, however, the number of horrific plane crashes with many fatalities is growing every year. Basically, they are caused by the human factor.
The most numerous disaster in terms of the number of victims remains the tragedy that occurred in Tenerife at the Los Rodeos airport on March 27, 1977. She was attracted by a chain of oversights of radio dispatchers and commanders. On that foggy day, two Boeing 747s of an American firm and an airline from Holland collided. While listening to the recordings of the flight recorders, it was found that the airport dispatcher had a sharp Spanish accent, which is why the crews of both aircraft did not quite understand what was at stake. Negotiations were not agreed, the pilots spoke in unison. The result was that the airliners hit the same runway. The Boeing commanders understood from the reports that they could take off, and the weather conditions deteriorated significantly, and they did not see each other's lights. After 14 seconds, a head-on collision occurred. The plane crash claimed 583 lives. 326 people and 9 members of the American Pan American team were killed, 234 passengers and 14 crew members were killed by the Dutch KLM. Miraculously saved 61 passengers of the American Boeing, as after the impact on the fuselage there were gaps through which they got out.
Collision at Tenerife Airport
Another catastrophe caused by the language barrier happened in the fall of 1996 in the Indian sky over the city of Charkhi Dadri. There was a collision between an Il-76 from Kazakhstan and a Boeing-747 from Saudi Arabia. The flights were controlled by an Indian controller with many years of experience. In the course of the investigation it was established that the crew of Kazakhstan Airlines did not understand his commands well. During the collision, the Il-76 was supposed to be higher than the Boeing, but it turned out to be lower, as a result of which it practically cut the Saudi plane in half with its wing and tail. 349 people became victims of the tragedy. This tragedy is the largest ever in the air. 
Plane crash over the city of Charkhi Dadri
On March 3, 1974, the Turkish DC-10 liner crashed near Paris. This plane crash combined the unfair attitude of the personnel and the imperfect design. There was a significant flaw in this aircraft model: there was a defect in the luggage compartment in the lock mechanism. The person who loaded the luggage was not aware of this problem. He decided not to study the attached instructions, as he did not know English. The worker thought the door was well closed, and neither the flight engineer nor the airline engineer checked it. The plane took off into the sky with the door open, it opened at a three-hundred-kilometer level. As a result of decompression, the control devices were destroyed, the liner collided with the ground. The incident resulted in 346 victims. 
DC-10 crash near Paris
The largest tragedy in which one airbus took part happened in Japan, in Tokyo on August 12, 1985. And the Boeing 747 crashed again. In the cabin there were 505 passengers and a crew of 15 people. Shortly before the tragic events, he caught the landing strip during the landing with his tail. As a result of the investigation, it was found that the repair work was carried out improperly. Having gained an altitude of 7200 kilometers, the liner crashed. His tail stabilizer was torn off, the cabin was depressurized, the pilot lost control. The commander tried to keep the plane in the air for 30 minutes, he turned it back in the hope of making an emergency landing. Unfortunately, even the pilot's skill did not save the Boeing from falling, he crashed into a mountain. Many passengers managed to survive, but due to the cold and late arrival of rescuers, many of the injured died. Only four women were miraculously saved. 
Over the Atlantic, off the Irish coast, on June 23, 1985, an airplane crashed. A few weeks before the crash, an engine defect was discovered in it, the malfunction was successfully corrected, but on that ill-fated day the liner disappeared from radar. After a short period of time, its fragments were found in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. The cause of the tragedy was considered the very breakdown, but later it turned out that the blame was a bomb explosion, which claimed the lives of 329 people. 
On July 19, 1989, an amazing disaster struck. The falling liner was driven by a passenger. The pilots who tried to repeat this maneuver concluded that this was impossible. The people on board were just lucky that experienced pilot-constructor Denis Fitch flew with them. During the flight, the aircraft's engine collapsed, the stabilizers and the control system were damaged by its debris. Denis explained to the commander who he was, and the pilot gave him his place, since he had less experience. Fitch made an emergency landing, but during the landing, the wing touched the ground, the plane broke into pieces and caught fire. The fire killed 111 people, but 184 passengers and all crew members escaped. This is a truly unique case, usually as a result of such incidents, few people manage to survive. 
Denis Fitch
The stupidest tragedy occurred because of the pilot's irresponsibility, at the Samara airfield on October 20, 1986. The Tu-134 flew from Grozny to Sverdlovsk via Samara. There were 8 crew members and 85 passengers in the cabin. The commander of the plane decided to make a bet with the co-pilot that he could land the liner blindly, using only the readings of the instruments. Unfortunately, he lacked skill. The airbus hit the ground at a tremendous, rapid speed and was tilted strongly to the right. The landing gear broke down instantly, the liner was dragged along a strip of 300 meters, then it turned over and a fire occurred. 69 people died from injuries and injuries at the site and in the hospital. The debater himself miraculously survived, but he had to answer for his act. The commander was sentenced to 15 years. 
Not so long ago, the world was shocked by another plane crash that happened in Egypt with the Russian A321 plane. On October 31, 2015, all 224 passengers, including 24 children, were killed in an Airbus crash. The main versions of the cause of the tragedy are the human factor and the difficult mountainous terrain of the surrounding area. However, representatives of the airline say that the liner commander had many years of flight experience. A version of a terrorist attack is also being considered, since an explosion occurred in the engine, which does not exclude the possibility of finding an explosive device there. An investigation into the plane crash is ongoing, and the black box records are being deciphered. 
Crash of the Russian A321 in Egypt