In the northwestern part of the Adriatic Sea, where the river flowing down from the Alps, the Millennium ago, an extensive lagoon was formed, the water was purified daily at tides and lowers. From the east, she is drilled off the sea with a narrow strip of earthly solid.
From time immemorial in the lagoon, on 118 sand islands, fishermen lived, salt miners and hunters on waterfowl. In Roman time, the islanders have mastered cattle breeding and farming. The inhabitants of the lagoon mined themselves to be saturated with difficult labor. But here it was safe - the sandy barrier Lido held back the pirates, which the Adriatic Sea was born, and to get to the islands from the coast, not knowing the local trees, it was not that simple.
In 451, the shallow Western Roman Empire shocked the invasion of Huns under the leadership of Attila. The horror in front of these savages was so great that, according to the stories, even the birds were carried away in the kerats of their chicks. Favoring from the invasion, thousands of refugees were poured into the lagoon - the descendants of the ancient tribe of Venetov - so here it remained. By this time, we usually include the beginning of the history of Venice. An old Venetian tradition call even the exact date of birth of the city - March 25, 451 years, exactly at noon, the sangs as if exposed to extensive shallow, to give place to the most amazing city on Earth.
After 80 years, the historian of Flavius \u200b\u200bMagnus Aurelium was the earliest description of the lagoon and its inhabitants. According to him, the first venetians made tremendous efforts to ensure themselves with solid land. They patiently retained the land of sushi by the sea, dried out the lakes, the swamps were ghailized, they were embodied and put the channels. Early Venice looked like a wooden ship. Her palaces, houses, churches and bridges were built of wood and rested on piles, driven into a pile soil. The church was standing on each island, behind which the "Campo" was spread - the field cropped. Around the church were housed houses those who gave money for its construction; A little indeed stood at home. Thanks to such a layout, there were no rich and poor neighborhoods in the city.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Venice depended at first from Padua, and then it was part of the Byzantine Empire.
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In the first centuries, Venice's existence is a leading role among the many island settlements, the community of the current Lido was played. The local settlement was called Malayokko. However, there were constriction between residents of the islands. For this reason, the city's authorities in 810 decided to transfer their residence to another, more fortified island - Rialto. This rearrangement of the forces was made just in time. In 812, Malamokko took place one of the decisive battles of Venetian history - with the King of Frankings Pipin (Karl Great Son), whose army was buried in the Zybuchi sands of the lagoon.
In the X-XI centuries, Venice quickly gained strength. Its enterprising seawares went further into the Adriatic, and then in the Mediterranean Sea. All powerful became the war fleet of the republic. In the maritime battle of Dirrachia, Venetian galleys broke the Normann fleet, which then owned South Italy and Sicily. For this service, Alexey Komnin, the emperor of the Byzantine Empire, in which Venice nominally entered and opened the most important ports of the East before the Venetian merchants, freed them from paying taxes and duties.
But the Venetians did not push the good. In 1201, Venice was adjusted for 85 thousand silver brands to transport the French knights to the fourth crusade of the fourth crusade on their galleries to Egypt. The Venetian Doge Enrico Dandolo, a skillful politician and intrigan, tried to extract the maximum benefit from this transaction for the Venice Republic. Instead of carrying the Crusaders in Africa, he spared them for a weakened Byzantium, as a result of which 12 April 1204, Constantinople was taken and looted.
Under the terms of the contract with the crusaders of the Latin Empire, Venice turned out to be the heiress of a significant part of the previous Byzantine possessions. In the node items of the Mediterranean, she now belonged to fortresses that controlled important seaside paths. Her enterprising merchants hosted on huge spaces from Italy to Palestine, traveled to India and China.
The Sea Power of Venice was at all on the lips: her combat fleet had 300 ships with eight thousand tested sailors. Venetian merchant goods transported three thousand shopping ships with 17 thousand people of the crew.
Fortune favored Venice. After the defeat of the Byzantine Empire, it for twin hundred years becomes "queen" of the Adriatic and Eastern Mediterranean. The "golden age" of the city in the lagoon occurred.
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Venice never knew monarchy power. From the first days of its existence, she was a commune. Vintage chronicles say that the inhabitants of the lagoon elected the leaders from their environment, which were called the Roman manner in the Tribunum. At first, the stands were 12, and each of them managed a separate island. But in 697, due to the threat emanating from the German tribe of the Langobards, residents of the island city-state elected their first dog named by Paolo Lutscio Anafezto. The word "dozh" - the relatives of the Latin "Dux" (in our opinion - the prince).
At first, the place of the Dwieu was the islands of Heraclei and Lido. In 810, his residence was transferred to Rialto, the largest island in the lagoon, which was separated by a sunflower duct. Following the game, Patricia and rich merchants who lived at Tourkello island have begun to move here. By the way, Venice itself until the XI century was usually called Rialto.
The dais, who, who interconnected for life, was a living symbol of the light republic. In official documents, he was called the sovereign, the profile of each new Dwiece was minted on coins. Diges usually became the persons who have reached the 60 years and with a significant state. The election of a dog, his dedication and wedding was furnished with lush ceremonies, which did not pay from his own pocket.
The front door of the Daddy was distinguished by royal pomp and magnificence: he was the people in the crustaceous gold and confused mountain mantle, in the red boots of the Byzantine emperors and up to the XIV century - in the golden crown, which was then replaced by a high cap, unilled with large pearls and precious stones. When the dozh came out of the palace, a velvet umbrella was revealed, embroidered with gold.
However, with all the ones, there was a figury of parade-sacral. Noble Venetian childbirth carefully took care to limit his power. It was not allowed to make it possible to enter into contacts with the messengers of other states, dispose of the treasury, appoint officials and even print the correspondence addressed to him. All this was engaged in his presence of the jadian office, which was also called the "heart of the state." Del just signed decrees compiled by it.
A word, dressed in truly royal clothes, was a "sovereign without power", the sacred shadow of the Venice Republic. This digest value was especially brightly manifested in the custom of the so-called "wraps of Venice with the sea."
The history of this main holiday of the Venice Republic goes into the depths of centuries.
In 1177, Venice concluded an extremely profitable agreement with the Emperor of the Sacred Roman Empire by Friedrich Barbarossova, who secured the northern part of the Adriatic Sea behind the Republic. The authorities of Venice decided to celebrate this memorable event annually, in the late autumn, on the Ascension Day of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
It must be said that on this day there were already traditional celebrations, installed back in 998 in honor of the victory of Dudge Pietro II Orsolo over Dalmatian pirates. However, this ceremony was quite simple. The clergy and dozh in festive clothes went on boats to the island of Lido, where the solemn Mass was served in the Church of San Nikolo. But after 1177, this modest celebration was replaced by a magnificent ritual - the envelope of Venice with the sea, which since then repeatedly and in all details was described in foreign travelers.
From the very early morning, Venetians, dressed in the best outfits, poured on the streets of the city. All urban treasures were exhibited for the venue and guests of Venice - from the treasury of St. Mark to the pile of gold and silver coins in the shops changed. After the solemn Mass, the Doh was swaying to the front-rate 20-rude gallery "Bougentaur" and accompanied by thousands of gondola, sprayed carpets and flags, sailed to the island of Lido.
"BUZENTAVR" was a great spectacle. He glittered with gilding. Over his deck, decorated with stucco and purple, walked the flag of the republic. Dam, who performed the role of the symbolic fiancé of the sea buffin, was recresented at a high honorable throne. Noble faces in luxurious clothes occupied space under a canopy, and their children sat for long red oars. At the entrance to the channel, the lagoon cast a gold ring with the words: "We will get off with you, about the sea to own you forever!" Thus, the Union of Venice with the Sea would be bonded.
As the Venetian Republic's decline and the decline of the Venice Republic, this celebration that had once a deep religious-symbolic meaning was degenerated into the usual secular festival, like the carnival. End put the troops of the French directory under the command of General Napoleon Bonaparte, who in 1797 abolished the Venice Republic. French soldiers broke down the last "Bougentaur", having hugged his gilt. Its surviving fragments together with a reduced model are stored at the local maritime history museum.
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Already in the XII century, all power in the city laid in their hands the ancient aristocratic families of Venice, merchants and bankers. This happened because the basis of the prosperity of the republic was trade, and bourgeois and artisans were too weak to play a significant role in political life.
In 1172, the highest body of state power in Venice is becoming a big advice that consisted of 480 noble citizens who were elected for a period of one year. The members of the Great Council themselves, in turn, chose a dog, and later the Senate. But at the beginning of the XIII century, the real executive authorities moved to the Council of forty - the Supreme Court of the Republic, and then focused in the hands of Signoria, which was controlled by an even more small body of power - the Council of Ten, with the time turned into the Supreme Tribunal of the Venetian Republic.
In 1315, the so-called "Golden Book" was drawn up, where the names of citizens who used electoral rights entered. As evidenced from this document, the full citizens of Venice were only 2000 rich people - Nobille, or 8% of the city's population (later their share decreased and at all to 1%). It is this small group of genuine rulers of the city of Venetian chronicles called "People of Venice". The republic has become a classic oligarchy.
The Council of the Ten carefully followed the slightest manifestations of discontent. Any attempts of dogs and other persons to seize power in the republic mercilessly caught. In general, the Council of Ten could attract any Venetian accused of a disturbance of calm. The French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote that it was the "bloody tribunal, who strikes the beats and in a pitch darkness decisive, who is waiting for death, and who is a loss of honor." Before this Tribunal, the accused did not have the right to defense and could only rely on the mercy of the judges.
It may seem strange, but the simple people of Venice felt under the control of this power if not happy, then quite satisfied. "Fathers of the Fatherland" tried to arrange a crowd of cheerful and satisfying life and did not allow abuse by law. So, the Council of Ten very carefully considered complaints of ordinary people to know, strictly punishing the defeated nobles. Apparently, due to this, Venice gave an example of the longest experience of the Republican device in the history of mankind.
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Medieval Venice represented a rare example of a secular state for its time. The Venetian government assigned the church and religion the role of the state's spiritual assistant in the case of cultivation of respect for the law and power. The importance of the state itself was altered, the ministry was regarded as debt and honor, state interests were raised above personal and demanded self-sacrifice. The word "state" was written only with a capital letter. And from 1462, the Venetian republic began to call Serenissima (Serenissima), which can be translated in two ways: "light" or "querious." The new name reflected the officially approved idea of \u200b\u200bVenice as a calm and peaceful state.
To maintain and strengthen this state ideology, the authorities of the republic especially took care of creating historical works that glorify the past Venice. It is not by chance that the historical chronicle has become the most common genre of patrician literature. In the second half of the XV century, by order of the Venetian Republic, Markantonio Sabellico amounted to 33-languid "history of Venice from the foundation of the city", which argued that the justice of laws and state reign of Venice surpassed the Roman republic. At that time of universal worship before the antiquity of greater praise and imagined it was impossible.
Like most cities, Venice grew by the influx of visitors. And in order to avoid chaos, the authorities of the city conducted a tough migration policy. According to the statute of 1242, the "nee" of the four islands of the lagoon - Rialto, Grado, Cyoji and Kavartzers were actually considered the venetians. Only they had the right to build at home in Venice. All the rest were included in the category of "invited" who received equal rights with the "nee" rights only after 25 years of life in the lagoon.
The secular nature of the Venetian Republic led to a greater freedom of local morals. Suffice it to say that many family couples did without church blessings and, as a result, it was easy to break the marriage ultrasound - the case is completely scandalous for those times. Gambling got such a spread that the government had to publish a decree, forbidden to play a portica of the Cathedral of San Marco and in the courtyard of the Doge's Palace. Professional players of stroke and branded iron. And the Venetians have heard such terrible squares that Petrack's poet even complained about them in their verses. Power and here it clearly identified his position: the public insult in the word punished with a major fine.
Probably something from the heard would be useful to transfer and our daily life.
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By the XV century, island Venice turned into one of the largest mainland states. In addition to half of Northern Italy, the Republic of St. Mark owned a part of the current Croatia and Slovenia, southern Peloponnese, Athens, Cyprus and colonies, filmed throughout the Middle East and the Black Sea. Venice's mainland possessions called the Terraferm ("solid land").
The economic prosperity of the Republic of St. Mark was based on maritime trade. In his colonies, the Venetians sought to take all local trade to her hands, they were engaged in us and mercilessly oppressed indigenous people. Residents of the neighboring Slavic Dubrovnik, for example, did not dare to sell their goods in any other place, except in Venice itself, where, naturally, they received pitiful pennies for him. Every craft there was suppressed in the embryo, only the production of sebaceous and wax candles for home use was allowed, and soap and clay dishes should have been bought only in Venice. The Venetians also assigned themselves a complete monopoly in the Adriatic for the construction of ships.
Considering one of the predatory exploitation of their colonies, Venice Nimalo did not care about their development. During his domination, the Republic did not spend a single road in Terraferm, did not organize any production for the processing of local raw materials, not a single oilseed tree or a grape vine.
The deceit of Venetian politics has known for itself all the neighbors of the Republic of St. Mark. The Venitian native of Dalmatian Slavs provided particularly destructive influence. For a century, she pushed him from the sea, making a disorder and confusion into his inner life. And when the Zeta State in this struggle was completely weakened, the Venetians began to turn his people to Catholicism, to take away from the local Orthodox Church of the temples and monasteries, and in the case of resistance to destroy them. Orthodox priests and monks expelled or destroyed.
Therefore, it is not to be surprised that the Venetian Republic has a very unleaded international image. Venice's neighbors compared her with toas and marine snakes. The Italian chronicle of the XIII century Salimimbene called the Venetsians "Gang Zhadin and Skryag", which turned the Adriatic to the "Robbery Proton", and Giovanni Bokcchcho (the author of the famous "Decameron") considered Venice "Capacitive abrasion".
In the end, the city in the lagoon has comprehended historical retribution.
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Venice died slowly. Her wilt began in the XV century, when the young Ottoman Empire began to capture one after another mainland ownership of Venice. The republic struggled to resist, but the bloody sea battles with Ottomans only ruined her treasury and pulled military power.
And then, as it was called, in 1499, the Portuguese Vasco da Gama opened the sea route to India, to bypass the Mediterranean trade routes, on which the welfare of the republic was resting. The Venetian economy was inflicted a cruel blow.
In 1630, Venice devastated the plague, which claimed the grave of 47 thousand inhabitants of the city - a third of the total population (including the great artist Titian). Today, this is reminded by a giant bluing dome of the Church of Santa Maria della Salut, erected as a sign of gratitude to the Holy Virgin Mary for the deliverance of the city from a terrible epidemic.
By the beginning of the XVIII century, Venice was already political bankrupt. However, it was at that time that she survived the next flowering of the arts - in the city lived and created Tapolo and Canaletto, the plays of Goldeni and Gotszi were put on the stage. Until the most recent days of the Republic, the Venetians lived easily and carelessly, as if not noticing the flow of merciless time.
So approached the end of the age of enlightenment, and with him the history of independent Venice. In 1794, the troops of the young General Napoleon Bonaparte launched Northern Italy. On May 12, the Venetian Senate received a formidable ultimatum from the French commander, and the city on the islands, with powerful fortifications, a large fleet and five hundred guns of serf artillery without a single shot surrendered to the ground army.
The last guy Louis Manin carelessly threw his crown with words: "Element, it will no longer need it." Napoleon looted the Venetian treasury, destroyed about forty palaces, and three years later, the gangway of Austria passed.
In 1826, Venice was declared free harbor. After visiting the city Byron, the poetry of Venetsian decline was in fashion. Bohemia came to the Venetian canals and bridges for inspiration, wealthy Europeans spent the summer on the fashionable beaches of Lido.
In 1866, Venice became part of the newly created Italian kingdom. However, the memories of the 14th centuries of the Republic of St. Mark are alive in Venice so far. In the summer of 1997, a group of patriotic youth yathed at the San Marco bell tower an ancient banner of the republic and demanded the provision of independence of the Venetian region. It seems that the neighborhood of Venice with the current Kosovo hardly cooled these moods ...
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After the Decree of Napoleon on the liquidation of the Venetian Republic, the city seemed to measure in anticipation of his death. Already in the middle of the XIX century, Venice was for Balzak only "a patheticly shabby city, which every hour is tirelessly immersed in the grave," and inexorable water hangs on the grounds of Mourning Bachromes. Emil Zol and did not see any prospects for the revival of the "bauble city", which, according to him, it's time to put under a glass cap.
The ancient prophecy reads: "Venice was born from the sea, and the end of her will find in the sea buffin."
Indeed, the future of Venice inspires serious alarm. The sea, which in centuries enriched the city with rich goods from the countries of Levant, now threatens her death. "Light Venice" does not get up of the water, as it was before, and immersed in the waves, like a thin ship. In the mid-60s of the last century, the world shocked the message of scientists: Venice goes under water at a speed of two and a half millimeters per year. Increasingly, floods occur, and more and more often sea water floods the lower floors of the Palazzo - these magnificent monuments of Venetian architecture. From dampness suffer from invaluable artistic collections in urban museums and private collections. In the Cathedral of San Marco, the floor is bizarrely bent due to the sediment of the foundation, since the tides regularly turn the area in front of the cathedral into the salt lake. From the facade of the church of Santa Maria, Salute Salute stucked figures of Cherubimov and Serafimov. Once the wise laws of the republic were announced by the enemy of the Fatherland of anyone who dares to lay a pipe in the ground, and the current grief-entrepreneurs until recently swung groundwater, thereby contributing to the further silence of the soil.
The environment within the city is polluted to the limit. Channels are littered, water in them is lifeless, even poisonous. The industrial complex of Porto Margera, which grew up just five kilometers from the Palace of the Doge, fills the air with caustic sulfur couples, which cause erosion of historic buildings and statues.
The specialists of the whole world are developing projects for the rescue of a unique city, so as not to give Venice to divide the fate of the legendary Atlantis.
Although inventing something actually nothing. Recently, underwater archaeologists opened the remnants of the Old Roman Quarter of Venice in the lagoon. It turned out that 2000 years ago, two stone walls of 150 meters long perfectly defended the city from marine tides. Apparently, in those blessed times, bureaucracy has not yet existed, with its eternal excuses about the lack of funds for expensive work.
It is no secret that Venice is standing on wooden piles, driven by the Lagoon's pile soil of the Islands of the Venetian Lagoon. As it looks like you can see, for example, - images are very indicative, though the text in Italian. However, on many Runet sites you can find a statement that these piles are brought from Russia - not from under Perm, not from Siberia, not that of Karelia ... The story that Venice rests on piles from the Russian Larch, even entered the broadcast of the TV channel "My Planet" (twisted there at the same time such a video).
The version itself is beautiful, but still it looks rather strange. Along after all, the Alps, Dalmatia, and the shores of the Adriatic Sea in the area of \u200b\u200bVenice, apparently, once were completely covered with forests ... Why am there a forest because of the thirty lands, if it was going through it?
I have no doubt that some reasonable justification can be found. However, first would like to figure it out with what.
What, in general, is the founded version about the Russian larch? It seems that there is nothing. All traces lead to the book L.V. Balkovsky and M.N. Verbanova "Salt of Perm Land", in which the following is written (I myself, honestly, did not find it, therefore I quote on secondary sources):
In the 12-volume history of Venice, written by the famous Italian historian Christopher Tentories in the XVIII century, there are such lines: "The well-being of the population of Venice is ensured by worldwide trade and strength of the pile buildings of the city on the islands - Permian Karagiai." 400 thousand piles from the Ural larchs from the early Middle Ages still carry the severity of palaces and houses slowly immersed in the city lagoon. There is no doubt that they are brought from the Perm lands, that is, the lands of Perm Great, otherwise the trees would not be called "Perm Karagiai." After all, the larch itself is growing in Northern Italy, on the spurs of the Alps, and this larch is mined from this larch, which from time immemorial calls is called "Venetian resin".
It sounds intriguing, but not too convincing. Why?
- The twelve history of the Venice of Christopher Tentinery. It is probably meant in mind "Saggio Sulla Storia Civile, Politica, Ecclesiastica E Sulla Corografia E Topografia Degli Stati Della Repubblica Di Venezia: AD USU DELLA NOBILE E CIVILE GIOVENTù". The full text of this multi-digit can be easily found on the Archive.org website (here is the link). Thus, check whether Cristoforo Tentori is really talking about the Perm Karagays at the base of the "city on the islands", quite easily. I just would like to know exactly where it is written, or at least, as the Perm Karagai is written in Italian. Do not shift all twelve volumes for the sake of one quote?
- Number of piles - "400 thousand". First, it is not clear where these data came from. Secondly, 400 thousand piles are not enough to indecency. For comparison, in the "History of the Venetian Republic" John Norwich, you can find the following: "<...> Santa Mary Della Salute Cathedral<...> Runs exclusively on such piles. Judging by the sources, they are scored 1,156,627 pieces "(John Norwich. The history of Byzantium. History of the Venetian Republic - 2011 ISBN 978-5-17-074111-3, 978-5-271-37819-5. P. 436) . More than a million piles under the same church! (Although it is somehow not really believe in it. The truth is probably somewhere in the middle.) Another numbers can be found - an interesting video about the foundations of Venetian houses (in Italian) with a brief retelling (in Russian).
- The authors recognize that "the larch itself is growing in northern Italy, on the spurs of the Alps," but for some reason they have no doubt that larch was carried out from Perm lands to Venice ...
- And in general, why did the light be wedged on the larch? Under Venice, after all, piles from different breeds of trees: from elm, oak, etc.
In short, it is possible to write with the same success that Venice rests on the foundation from the Tula Gingerbread, referring to a quote from the same TTTORE without specifying Tom and Pages.
Venice (Italy) is the most detailed information about the city with photos. The main attractions of Venice with a description, guidebooks and cards.
City Venice (Italy)
Venice is a city in the northeast of Italy, the capital of the province of Veneto. It is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List and is one of the most unique and well-known cities of the planet, the historical center of which is built on 118 islands of the Venetian lagoon. Venice is stunning, fabulous, romantic. More than 20 million tourists come here to look at the charming channels, elegant architecture and bridges, ride in the gondolas and listen to the songs of the Gondolners, take a walk on San Marco and take a picture of the Rialto Bridge, taste the local cuisine and feel the Venetian atmosphere. Venice is a city that is buzzing every day as a tightened hive, and in the evening it freezes, this place that has almost changed in the 6th centuries outwardly and in which there are no cars at all.
Venice is located in the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Adriatic Sea, almost on the latitude of our Krasnodar Territory. The historical center is located on the set of islands, separated by the channels and the connected bridges, which is called "Sestieri". It includes the regions of Cannaregio, Castello, Dorsoduro, San Polo, Santa Croce and San Marco, where major monuments and attractions are located. From other islands of the Venetian lagoon, Murano, Torchello, San Francesco del Dessert and Burano should be highlighted. The architecture of Venice is a special architectural style, which is called Venetian. Most monuments of architecture and culture were built in the period from 12 to 16th century. Interestingly, most of the historic buildings of Venice are built on stilts from alpine larch, which does not rot in water.
Venetian Grand Channel
Geography and climate
Venice is located on 118 islands of the Venice Lagoon of the Adriatic Sea. The islands are separated by 150 channels and connect 400 bridges. The city is a major seaside resort and one of the largest Italian seaports.
Venice is located in the zone of subtropical climate. Summer is rather roast, winter is soft. Frost and snow in winter are rare. Although in the cold season here is quite zyabko because of the proximity of the sea. As a result, the hill wave in Venice is often flooded.
Unfortunately, this unique city is gradually immersed under water. 4-5 mm each year. Only for the 20th century, Venice went under water on more than 20 cm. After a few decades, it can become unsuitable for life. While the project to save Venice "MOSE", which provides for the construction of a dam around the city, has not corrected this situation substantially.
Best time visiting
The worst times for visiting is the time of the carnival (very expensive and many people) and the rainy time of late autumn and winter (cold, windy and damp). In summer, it can be quite hot. The best time to get acquainted with Venice is the spring and autumn.
Gondola - traditional Venetian vehicle Practical information
- Population - 264.6 thousand people.
- Area - 414.6 square kilometers.
- Language - Italian.
- Currency - euro.
- Time - Central European UTC +1, in summer +2.
- Visa - Schengen.
- Restaurants work from 12.00 to 22.00. Shops from 10.00 to 19.00
- Tourist tax ranges from 3.50 to 5 euros per person.
History
In the time of the Roman Empire in Antiquity, the Venetov tribes lived here, which gave the name of the future city and the province. People began to settle in the vicinity of the Venetian lagoon, fleeing the raids of the barbarians. The urban settlement here began to be formed in the 6-7 century. Initially, it was located on the islands of Malayokko and Torchello and belonged to Byzantium. In the 7th century, the settlements of the Venetian lagoon were united under the rule of the Daddy, in fact the head of state. Dudge was elected from rich and influential families for a lifetime. For all the existence of the Venetian Republic, more than 100 games were elected.
In the 9th century, the importance and influence of Venice began to grow rapid pace. In 828, the relics were brought here. Mark stolen in Alexandria. St. Mark is a holy patron of the city. Interestingly, the Venice Republic was a unique state education. There was practically no vassalitet here, and it was not forbidden to assign a receiver to himself.
From 12 to 15 century, the Venice Republic was one of the most powerful states of Europe. The prerequisite for this was the defeat in 1204 by the Crusaders of Constantinople. The republic became the main link between East and the West. By 1300, Venice was the richest city on the European continent.
In the 15th century, the expansion of the Turks and the subsequent reorientation of trade routes towards the Atlantic undermined the economic and trading power of the city. The powerful republic stopped exist. At the end of the 18th century, Venice was conquered by Napoleon. After some time, she was part of the possessions of the Habsburgs, until in 1866 he became part of Italy.
How to get
Venice has Marco Polo International Airport, which is located near Mestre (actually suburb of Venice). By the bus from the airport you can get to Piazzale Roma. The railway station has a communication with Milan, Trieste, Verona, Rome and the rest of Italy. Cruise ships and yachts usually arrive at Stazione Marittima. Trains from the mainland pass through Mestre to the Venice Railway Station in Santa Lucia on its Western side. ATTENTION - Do not confuse with the Venice Mestre page, which is the last stop on the mainland. Direct trains in Venice go with Munich, Paris, Vienna, Budapest, Zagreb.
The main means of movement in Venice and its islands is Vaporretto and water taxis. Vaporetto is the most economical way of movement. It is better to buy a day ticket to get to the island of Murano and Burano. Landing on the Vaporetto is produced at special stations. To cross the big channel you can use tragetto. These are publicly available gondolas that are managed by two gondollara. There is a passage of only 2 euros per person (only cash is accepted).
Gondolas are one of the main attractions of Venice. These boats are historically the main means of movement through the streets. Now they serve to entertain tourists. Manage gondolas - Gondollara. This is a very prestigious and profitable profession in which it is practically unreal to get people from the outside. The state leads strict accounting of gondolors. Their number is regulated - 425 people. At the same time, this profession is usually transmitted from the Father to the Son. The cost of walking in Venice on the gondola is about 80 euros.
Shopping and shopping
Venice has always been a city of merchants. Consequently, most Venetians still own or work in the store. Be careful when buying souvenirs and goods. A huge tourist flow does not always guarantee high quality.
Stores work from 10 am to 7 pm and later. In Venice buy: antiques, leather products, shoes, scarves, jewelry, books, Murano glass, carnival masks and costumes. Brand shops can be found in the area of \u200b\u200bSan Marco Square. Typical tourist traps: "Color paste" and "Venetian Limoncello" are not Italian cuisine. No Italian will never buy it.
Food and drink
Venice is famous for beautiful restaurants, but in general it is believed that Italian cuisine here is not the best, and Venetian pizza is traditionally worse in Italy. We recommend here to try the flight, risotto with Caracatian sauce, seafood dishes, pasta. Be careful when the price menu in the restaurant is based on the dishes (usually "ETTO", abbreviated "/ hg").
sights
Venice is full of attractions, historical and cultural monuments: squares and bridges, churches and historical buildings will not leave anyone indifferent.
San Marco Square - the heart of Venice, the most famous and beautiful area. Napoleon called San Marco "the most elegant living room of Europe." Here are famous sights, expensive shops and oldest cafes. It was walked by the Venetian friends, Marco Polo, and the famous Cafe was coil in the cafe.
San Marco's bell tower is one of the main landmarks of Venice and Piazza San Marco in particular. This is the highest city building, the height of which is 98.5 meters. The current bell tower is St. Mark dates back to 1912. The original construction of the 12th century collapsed in 1902. Initially in the 9th century, the bell tower served as a watchtower and lighthouse. For 8 euros, you can admire the panorama of the city from the height of almost 100 meters.
Basilica San Marco is the main religious construction of Venice. The old church in the Byzantine style, which can be infrequently found in Western Europe. Here the relics are stored. Mark (Apostle and Evangelist) and valuable works of art that were exported from Constantinople. The relics were stolen by Saracins by Venetian merchants in the 9th century. From this time, the symbol of Venice was the winged lion. Basilica San Marco until 1807 was the court of the Church of the Doge. The first basilica was built in 829 and burned in 976 during an uprising against the Physician Dudge Candiano IV. Some researchers believe that during the fire is the power of St. The brand was lost. The current basilica was completed in the 11th century. It is built in the form of the Greek Cross. The interior is richly decorated with mosaic and many varieties of marble.
The Doge Palace is a symbol of San Marco, a masterpiece of gothic art and the center of power of the Venetian Republic. The Doge's Palace consists of three large parts: the wing to the San Marco basin, in which the main part of the Council is located (is the oldest part of the building), the wing to San Marco Square (the former Palace of Justice) and the Renaissance Wing, which houses the Maunda residence.
The hour tower is the historic building of the 15th century with a clock in the style of early rebirth. The tower is located in the northern part of St. Mark so that the clock is visible from the Venetian lagoon. The lower floor of the tower form the arch, which leads to the main street of Venice - Merchieria, which binds San Marco and Rialto. The top of the tower is decorated with two bronze statues of "Moors", drowning in the bell. Bully below is the sculpture of the winged lion with an open book. Previously, there was a dog statue nearby, which was removed by the French at the end of the 18th century. The floor below is a copper statue of the Virgin Mary with a baby. The clock is located above the arch and represent a large dial with Roman numerals.
Grand Canal The Grand Canal or a large channel is the most important waterway of Venice, which shares the city on both sides. Its length is slightly less than 4 km. Interestingly, Venice is similar to the fish. And the Large Channel line reminds the letter "S". This water artery was the center of revitalized Venetian life and trade from the Middle Ages. On the perimeter of the Grand Canal, you can admire the tens of magnificent buildings and palaces of 12-16th centuries, in which the richest and influential Venetians lived. The large canal rests on the San Marco Square of the wonderful panorama of the lagoon. Through it, 4 bridges permanently, the most beautiful and well-known of which is Rialto.
Rialto is one of the symbols of Venice, the first bridge over the Grand Canal. Initially, it was wooden and allowed ships to approach San Marco. Only in 1588, Rialto was rebuilt and lined with a white marble, which here is called Istrian stone. The bridge has 22 meters in width and 48 meters long. It is a unique arcade with a height of 7.5 meters, topped with several smaller arcades that intersect three parallel stairs. Rialto District is known for its famous market, open every day except Sunday.
Church Salute is the symbol of Dorsodroo and one of the architectural dominant of the Grand Canal. This church was built by the Venetians in gratitude to getting rid of the plague in 1630. From this time every year - November 21, the city celebrates the Madonna della-Salute holiday. Venetians build a floating bridge from boats from San Marco Square to Church. The central part of the church has an octagonal shape, over which a large hemispherical dome is towers. Six little chapels are built around it. The central part is connected to the southern side of the presbyter, with a smaller dome and two bell tower.
Murano is the famous island of glass oxides, one of the most famous islands of the Venetian lagoon. Well, if you buy Murano glass, then only here. Glass factories and masters were moved here in the 13th century to secure Venice from the fire and save the secrets of production.
Until 1171, the island was part of the Santa Croce district. In 1275, broad rights were presented to Muranian masters. They could make their laws and even print coins.
Burano is one of the island of the Venetian lagoon, known for its colorful houses, lace and culinary traditions. The first houses on the island of Burano were built at the beginning of the 11th century. Colored houses began to do so that fishermen in the fog could distinguish their home. This tradition has become the main "china" Burano, which attracts many tourists.
The center of the island is the district of the Church of San Martino and the Square of Baldassar Gaulpped. San Martino is the only church of the island. Known by the fact that her bell tower is tilted by several degrees from the axis.
The bridge of the sigh is a popular attraction of Venice, which is not at all the bridge, and the transition connecting the palace of the Doge and Prison. It was built of white marble at the beginning of the 17th century.
The academic bridge is the newest of the bridges through the Grand Canal. It was built in the middle of the 19th century during the ownership of Venice by Habsburgs. Rebuilt in 1933.
Other Attractions and Monuments of Venice
CA "REZZONICO. CA "REZZONICO - one of the few palaces of the Grand Channel, open to visit. Here is the 18th century Museum with paintings and frescoes taken from other palaces. The building was built in 1667 and in 1702 redeemed by a merchant from Genoi - Rencesoniciko. Gengio's ballroom Massari is the most famous room of the palace. It was restored, decorated with beautiful chandeliers, sculptures and frescoes on the second floor there is a painting room of Pietro Long (which depicts the daily life of Venetians).
Campo-Santa Margherita is an area in the historic district of Dorsoduro. Here you can enjoy the real Venetian atmosphere: architecture of the 14-15th century, small shops, bars, restaurants, a tiny fish market and a street market. On the opposite side is the famous Bridge "Ponte Dei Pugni", which connects Campo Santa Margherita with Campo San Barnaba.
Restricter - the church of the 16th century on the island of Judecca, built by the Palladio project. The facade of the building is made of white marble.
San George-Maggiore island on the opposite side of the Grand Canal's lagoon opposite San Marco Square. Island for a long time belonged to an influential Venetian family Memmo. On the island there is an ancient monastery, founded in the 10th century, the church on the Palladio project, the bell tower of the late 18th century and much more interesting. In addition, a beautiful panorama of San Marco opens from the island.
Church of San Sebastiano - the church of the 16th century in the Renaissance style on the project Abbedi. The interior is decorated with frescoes Paolo Veronese 16th century. The church can be considered almost the workshop of Veronese and is considered a masterpiece of Venetian art. This cultural monument is practically not known to tourists.
Santa Maria-Dei-Carmini Church - Church in Dorsoduro district near Santa Margherita Square. The church was founded in the 13th century and rebuilt in the Renaissance style in 1500. Presbyteria and side chapel were built in the period from 1506 to 1514 Sebastiano Mariani. On the left, there is a beautiful gothic portal and bell tower Giuseppe Sardi, crowned with the statue of Madonna del Carmin.
The Church of San Gakomo di Rialto is one of the oldest church of Venice (and possibly the oldest). It was built in 421 in the Quarter of Rialto. The church is usually called Chiiesa Di San Giacometto (translated as "Little Jacomo") due to its small size compared to other religious buildings of the city.
Church of San Jeremia - is located in the Cannaregio district, just a few minutes walk from Santa Lucia Station. The facade of the church goes to the big canal. The Holy Lucia from Syracuse is resting here.
San Symeone-Piccolo Church is located in the Santa Croce Quarter on the Grand Canal Quay. The church was built in 1738 Giovanni Antonio Scalfarotto in the style of neoclassicism. The architect was obviously inspired by the Roman Pantheon. He is the only church of Venice, where services are still held on Latin. The dome has the form of an oval bowl. It is covered with lead plates and visually increases the height of the building. Interestingly, the church has an underground crypt, which is not fully investigated.
Fondaco de-Tedeski - Palace on the Grand Canal near Rialto Bridge. It was built in the first half of the 13th century. Now here is the Museum of Natural History.
San Zan-Degola's Church is located in one of the most quiet corners of the city, far from popular routes and a crowd of tourists between San Jacomo-Dall-Orio and Fondaco-de-Turchi in the quarter of Sister di Santa Croce. Here it seems that time frozen on the border with the past: there are practically no shops, people with cameras and smartphones. The church is very old. Mention of it date back to the 11th century. Now belongs to the Russian Orthodox Community.
Tolentini Church - is in the quarter Santa Croce Sester, opposite the Square of the same name. The church was built in early 17th century. Francesco Morosini is buried here.
Pesaro is one of the most beautiful baroque palaces of Venice. The palace was built in 1710. The majestic beauty of the baroque facade, decorated with various statues, surpasses the beauty of interior interiors. Unfortunately, most of the jewelry was destroyed or damaged. There are only a few frescoes.
Frari - Franciscan Church of the 15th century. The bell tower of the church is the second height after San Marco. The interior is extensive and rich in works by the art of Titian.
Campo San Polo is a square square in a quarter di-di-san, the second largest in Venice after San Marco.
Camerel Palace - Palace of an unusual pentagonal form at the Rialto Bridge. The 16th century was built. The facade is lined with marble.
Arsenal from the beginning of the 12th century was the heart of Venetian shipbuilding. This huge production complex was built to equip the ships and was at that time one of the largest industries of Europe. Now there is a maritime historical museum.
Skolon Grande di San Marco is the historic building of the 13th century in the style of Renaissance, the residence of one of the 6 largest Venetian Skol (guilds).
Jewish ghetto is in the Kannaregio quarter and was founded in 1500. The ghetto area has high buildings and low ceilings, because the Jews were not allowed to settle somewhere else. There are five synagogues here, which represent different Jewish ethnic groups that lived in Venice for 5 centuries.
Palazzo Contarini del Bovolo is the Gothic Palace with a beautiful spiral staircase. The Venetian family of Contarini in the 15th century was built.
Ka d'Oro Ka-d'Oro Odi Palace Saint Sophia is one of the most remarkable examples of Venetian Gothic and one of the most elegant historic buildings of Venice, located in the Cannaregio area on the Grand Channel. The palace was built in the 15th century. Now there is a Gallery of Franceti.
Venice is a city on the water. The history of this corner is amazing. But before you go on vacation, it must be carefully planned. In advance, study the historical sights of the place where you are going to relax. This article is intended for those who decided to go on a journey to the most romantic corner of Europe.
Historical reference
The history of Venice has not one hundred years. This is located on the shores of the Adriatic Sea. So historically it happened that most of the city "stands on the water." Beautiful Venice. The history of the city is interesting and full of amazing events.
The city was received in honor of the Venetov tribe, which inhabited this territory. After many centuries, Venate assimilated, but even today you can meet their descendants in such a place as Venice. The history of the appearance of the city goes deep in centuries. And the optimal time to visit the city on the water is May and June!
The history of Venice. Basilica Santa Maria Della Salute
It so happened that Venice is a city of romance and love. Also, there are amazing cathedrals and churches, including the Basilica Santa Mary della Salute. The history of Venice informs curious tourists that this basilica is the largest domestic temple. It is located opposite the Doge Palace, which will be discussed a little later.
The construction of basilica in honor of the Virgin Mary was completed in 1682. The church is the pearl of such a city as Venice. The history of the Basilica is amazing. In 1630, the plague was raging in Europe. Citizens raised the prayers of the Holy Virgin. Unable to deal with the bubonic plague, people died on the streets of the city. The urban authorities appealed with a prayer to the most. If it stops the epidemic, then a unique cathedral will be erected in Venice. Saint Virgo cleared, the plague retreated from the city, and the authorities immediately started the promised building.
The architect Basilica was young and talented Balthazar Longen. The history of Venice confirms that the cathedral was built for almost 50 years. Unfortunately, the architect did not live before the end of the Basilica. Every year on November 21, the Venetians celebrate the victory over the plague and praise the Virgin Mary in the festive Messe. Externally, the Basilica looks grandiose. It is decorated with pilasters, tympanis and sculptures. The inner decoration of the Church is not inferior to the outer. When visiting the places of worship, the clothes must be appropriate. Nothing bright and open to you should be.
Square of St. Mark.
The history of Venice is closely related to this area. The first information in historical chronicles about this area is dating back to the 9th century. After three centuries, it was expanded. Called it in honor of the cathedral, opposite which it is located. For many years, the main attraction of San Marco Square was feeding hand-made pigeons. San Marco is famous and the fact that it was removed a huge number of film!
The square itself consists of two so-called parts:
- Piazzette is the distance from the Grand Canal to Campaneli.
- Piazza - Square itself in front of the entrance to the Cathedral of San Marco.
Hoping on a piazzalet, you will immediately see two white grand columns. There were three of them before. The columns of the Holy Theodore and Mark were presented to Venetians as a trophy in honor of the victory over the Konstantinople king Tyr. Extract from the ship such a unique and huge exhibit is a serious matter. Unfortunately, the third column fell and fell to the bottom of the lagoon. It was not possible to get it. After a few centuries, the column was covered with a dense layer of Laguna.
Basilica San Marco
Walking, be sure to visit the Cathedral of the same name. This is a Catholic church, which is distinguished by all other religious buildings with unique elements of Byzantine architecture. Basilica was built back in the distant 832! But in 976 a fire happened. Basilica rebuilt again. So remained dominant, however, elements of gothic, romance and oriental styles were added. The walls inside the cathedral are decorated with unique antique mosaic cloths. Also in the cathedral there are cancer with the relics of St. Mark. To visit the cathedral, tickets are not needed, the entrance is free. It is impossible to carry outdoor clothes in such places, and also take a shot.
The most grand canal
The Grand Canal has an S-shaped shape, permeates the entire main Venetian city. Takes a large channel on its origin from the St. Marco basin. Its 4-kilometer path extends to Santa Lucia Railway Station. The width of the channel varies from 30 to 90 meters. The depth of it is about five meters.
After going to swim in the gondolas, you will see 4 beautiful famous bridges:
- new Constitution Bridge;
- rialto Bridge;
- scalding Bridge;
- bridge of the Academy.
In the century, the area with the Grand Canal was the center of Venice. There was a huge number of markets and trading points. It is easily explained by the fact that maritime traders swim through the canal on the ships and concluded large trade transactions.
After five centuries, the Grand Canal of the Venetians built up buildings in the Gothic style. And in the next century, he was "marked" by Baroque styles and classicism.
The grand construction was completed by the XVIII century. And even now buildings there no one else will exalm.
Palace of the Doge
This palace is a mandatory place to visit tourists. His story is long. The very first structure was erected in the XIV century, when the Venetian state was powerful and rich. At that time, the Turkish threat had not yet existed, since the Turk had no serious fleet. The palace of the guy was intended for the first persons of the state. It was held at the Big Council and the Council of Ten. The palace of the guy touched many times. He burned several times, in the period of the power of the republic did not correspond to its grandeur, which caused another restructuring, etc. That is why the palace does not have a single style. Its facade is similar to an inverted ship, it has marked elements of architecture inherent in Gothic and Byzantium.
The courtyard is decorated with a large number of statues. Through it it was possible to get to the second tier, where the Coronation Ceremony was held. On the same floor there are personal orders of state leaders of past centuries.
It has many rooms and halls. The first hall in which you will get as tourists is magenta. The prosecutors came out to him, wearing a purple robe. The ceiling of the hall is decorated with plafoons, divides their stucco in gold. With the rest of the halls you will get acquainted on the excursion.
Rialto Bridge
We continue the excursion and come back to the Grand Canal again, to the Rialto Bridge. Let's talk about it. This is the very first bridge over the Grand Channel. He is a symbol of Venice. Opens the top ten popular places in Venice. It has 24 trading tents selling souvenirs. Another William Shakespeare in the play "Venetian merchant" wrote about this crossing. The history of this bridge is impressive. He burned several times, as it was erected from the tree. It happened so that the crossing could not stand the load and collapsed. But in 1551, the authorities held a competition for the best stone crossing. Among the work of the participants was the project of the most Michelangelo. But the winner was the unknown architect Antonio de Ponte. Envious whispering that the bridge will not stand and collapse. However, they were mistaken. The bridge is already the seventh hundred years, and it costs. True, Venice's authorities spend large-scale reconstruction until December 2016.
Rialto Bridge has a small size:
- the maximum height in the center is 7.5 meters;
- length of the bridge is 48 meters.
Bridge support tourists. Each of them has 6 thousand piles scored in the bottom of the Grand Channel.
Grand Di San Rocco School
The school, erected over 6 centuries ago on the means of citizens, stands and admires tourists even today. Today in the building is a charitable organization. And the school began its educational activities in 1515. Called it in honor of St. Rocco. Venetians believed that it was this saint who worked the city from the ferocious plague. Today for tourists in this building, the canvas, which are already five hundred years old! All of them are perfectly preserved. The main advantages of the San Rocco School is the "worship of shepherds", as well as the "Temptation of Christ".
Finally, the fabulous Italian city ...
The history of the construction of Venice is closely connected with the flourishing of the Venice Republic. Fabulous Italy is waiting for tourists. It is worth remembering that life in Venice rotates around the channels, including the Grand Channel. On them the same transport moves. Be sure to buy a carnival mask for memory, this is a symbol of Venice.
In 2017, it will take place from February 11 to 28. Two fabulous weeks are waiting for you. But always remember that a guest is good, but at home is better!
Masterpiece in nightmare conditions
From elegant Florence, the city of artists and poets, where we visited in the previous virtual tour, together with our guide, Oleg Vakhramov, move to the north of Italy. The city of merchants, travelers, adventurers and brilliant builders, created against everything one of the wonders of the world, - this appears to Venice.
The impetus for the creation of masterpieces is sometimes hopelessness. Venice originated in the V - VI centuries, when barbarians went from East, devastating the once majestic Roman Empire. People, fleeing, fled from them almost nowhere - in the lagoon of the Adriatic Sea, to the islands, which gradually joined the mounds, "says Oleg Wahramov.
Even the modern builder is scary to imagine what nightmare conditions were waiting for those who decided to build a housing here. A sharp sea wind, aggressive salted water, tides and flows that destroy everything that was created by a person.
I am in love with this city, which is invested so much smelting and titanic permanent learning, is Oleg Wahramov. - When today builders build unique structures on complex soils - this is only a pale shadow of what was done in Venice many centuries ago.
Profit - to the city
One of the nicknames of Venice is La Serenissima, which means "serene". Paradoxically, given the fact that most of its population was people of a hectic warehouse. To survive, the ships were built, the soldiers of the sea were built and the trade was established, and sometimes, which sin was to have piracted. Hard geography was paid to the benefit of: Venice became a serious transport hub of Europe, and therefore rich, as if on yeast. And the spirit of adventurism remained "at work", and at home I wanted calm, stability and reliability.
Good money always gives good opportunities, and the spirit of adventurism and passion for travel - a lot of useful things that can come in handy at home. Venetsians built their city without getting stuck using the best materials and technologies brought from other countries. For example, piles on which houses are made from the Siberian larch, which is in water, without air access becomes stronger than iron. But much had to be inventing themselves: the special compositions of cement, plaster, resistant to the aggressive medium. Wealth gave the opportunity to grow and develop, connecting neighboring islands, "says Oleg Wahramov.
From different places in which travel and travelers were borrowed and architectural forms were borrowed, and did not regret earned to rebuild the house or the Palace, more than that of a neighbor. Venice became motley as a patchwork, but this variety balanced features of the terrain. They did not allow to build large buildings, above five floors, mainly 2 -3 to reduce the load on the foundation. To protect yourself from the wind, there were narrow windows, stroke arches, vaulted inputs. The high cost of the earth limited the width of the "land" streets: on some two people can break down. And the largest space in the city - San Marco Square - less Samara Square. Kuibyshev. By the way, it is one of the lowest places in Venice, and in the winter she and the Palace of the Doge and Basilica of San Marco are constantly sharpened. But through the cunning, the water made by storm sewage sewer after a few hours leaves the territory.
Well, of course, the visiting card of Venice is its 160 channels through which more than 400 bridges roll. The most famous - the bridge of the sigh, the place initially does not romantic: they passed the convicts convicts. And the most prestigious area was considered the line along the Big Channel - about 200 palaces were built here, the back of which stands on Earth, and the front keeps on the piles, as if silent on the water stroit.
Eternal struggle
The gradual immersion in the water is a problem with which the city is struggling from the very base. For this reason, the residents rebuilt him twice, moved to higher islands. The newest buildings refer to the XIX century, and during the 20th century, Venice plunged into the sea for another 23 cm, and no one risks build again. Now it is not a settlement in a classic understanding, but rather an open-air museum. Some scientists prophesy that by the end of the XXI century the city will be completely under water. But the celebration of the life, the quintessence of which is the annual Venetian carnival, continues, although for this builders and engineers have to make no less effort than the first to Venice.
Damb was built around the city, created a lot of other hydraulic structures to minimize the damage from water and prevent its stagnation. Gasket and recovery of communications in such conditions - the top of engineering skill, "says Oleg Wahramov. - A person fights for the preservation of Venice, and nature is for the destruction. And it will continue until a person surrenders. But even in this case, the loss will be beautiful.