the years of the Stalinist five-year plans launched a large construction of port facilities. In this regard, it was necessary to face stone and sandy streams more than once. The queue fell their detailed study. A number of questions were to solve: what are the lengthy and direction of flows, whom the stream material is taken from, what is the power of these flows and how it is connected with the force and direction of the waves, then-there with a wave regime.
A number of research organizations were engaged in solving these tasks, but the most wide studies were held by the Institute of Oceanology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. One such work was carried out at the Caucasian shore of the Black Sea.
The Black Sea coast is bordered here by the pebble surface strip, which forms the coastal material. With the construction of three ports, Sochi, Gagrin - Skogo and Ochirchirskoy, it was found that the flow of nanos comes from the North-West to the southeast. Where starts and where does this stream end? In order to answer this question, they were studied, on the one hand, the outline and structure of the coast, and on the other, the composition of the rocks forming pebbles.
The shore in the city of Tuapse and the north of it has an uneven contour. Here, naked rocky capes alternate with open wide bays, in which small rivers flow (Fig. 15). There are almost no fragments in the sickness, but those who lie there are completely out of them.
The sharp corners and fresh breaks of these wreckage show that the stones recently fell out of sheer cliffs.
In the bays, on the contrary, is the abundance of pebbles. But pebbles turned out to be completely different in each of the bays. Each river puts the wreckage of those rocks that are located in its pool. In one bay, for example, full diabases (the dark strong breed of volcanic origin), and there are no at all in their neighboring. Hence itself, it suggests that the adjacent coves are not exchanged by pebbles and there is no permanent flow here. Yes, it is understandable, since the waves from the open sea can drive pebbles only inside the bay, but not to move it from the top of the bay to the cape.
South Tuapse, about the mouth of the Ashe river, the picture gradually changes (Fig. 15). Coast is becoming more even. Skoping here river nans are put forward in almost one line with former capes. Here it is necessary to look for the "origins" of the Stone River.
Pebbles all over the shore from Ashe to Pitsundsky Cape turned out to be mixed. It was necessary to find such a breed, which would be easily distinguished from all others, was on the beach in sufficient quantities and was taken out to the sea only one single river. Such a breed was found. She will endure the River Shahe. This is a bright muscovito granite; It is easy to distinguish from all other stones on the shore on white color and glitter into it with mica-muscovite.
Granite pebbles occurs only south from the mouth of Shahe; Already in a kilometer north there is no granite pebble. It was further established that this wonderful pebble is on the beach everywhere, right up to Pitsundsky Cape, at a distance of 130 kilometers from the mouth of Shahe. All the ego says that the flow begins a little north of the mouth of Shahe and goes to Pitsunda itself.
The entire coast of the Black Sea from Tuapse to the GGR is complicated by a monotonous rock, which is called F L and - SH E M. This is a subtle vestment of sandstones, slates and mergels. However, there are many other breeds on the beach. How do they come from? - Mountain rivers bring them here. All major rivers come to their heads to the watershed of the Caucasian Range and along the way, crosses limestone, phyllites, gneisses, porphyrites and other breeds. In the nanos of these rivers, neultural rocks are almost half. On the sea beach, it is in the composition of the flow of nanos, their little more than one quarter. So, the illuate pebble is greater than half consists of river nans.
Why did the rivers of the Tuapse district and the north they could not create a stone stream?
In the direction from the North-West to the south-east, the Caucasian ridge is becoming higher and higher and further departs from the sea. Mountain river basins and the steepness of their fall increase. In addition, in the southeastern part of the ridge, the rains falls twice as much as in the north-west. And rivers get bigger, and there are more water in them. Consequently, more and more applied to the seacoge. These quantitative changes are gradually accumulating from the north to the south, and led to a jump-shaking change in the nature of the marine shore. In the north, the shore is dismembered, and a small number of stones, bringing rivers, remains entirely in the tops of the bay. Therefore, in the north and there is no deposit flow. In the south of the nanos, there was so much that they equalized the shore and formed a constant stone stream.
Flow power, then-there is a number of nanos that it moves during a certain time (per year), turned out to be completely different in different places, despite the fact that the shore from Shahe to Pitsunda is pulled out in one direction and has about the same wave mode. In Sochi, for example, the power of the stone stream is 32 thousand cubic meters per year, and in Gagra - only 15-20 thousand cubic meters. This is explained by the fact that the stones are gradually abrained. After all, in order to get a round "velvet" pebble from a rough neocatant chronicle, the crushes should be chopped up the corners and the corners of all protruding faces. But once the rubble is abridgeing, it must be observed - only maybe at a lower speed and pebbles itself. Abrasion products - particles of sludge and sand - are carried away from the shore to big deep.
What amounts of stone are abrained? This question was solved as follows.
From Armenia in Sochi was brought by the porous Ayrum Basalt. This breed is nowhere in the Black Morror coast, and does the paint absorbs well. Many pieces of this basalt were impregnated with a painted cement mortar so that the solution entered deep into the pores. Then painted pieces were thrown onto the beach. The fragments had about the same size and weight. A few months later I managed to find many these stones from the shore. It turned out that they significantly decreased in weight and became almost completely smooth, but not yet turned into a real pebb. It was estimated that for the year it is crushed and grieved about 7 percent of basalt. But basalt is very durable. The beach prevails pebbles from significantly less stable breeds. By the difficult recharges, it was possible to determine that about 20 percent of the entire mass of pebbles is abrained. This means that if new fragments are not received on the beach, all pebbles will disappear after 5 years.
Now it is clear that the power of the stream should vary depending on the distance, which was managed by pebbles. Each river makes a new portion of the nanos and increases the power, but while the flow will reach the mouth of the next river, its power will decrease.
Then another interesting question arose. The study of the composition of the nansos, the structure of the coast itself and the changes that the ports arouses are on the shore, "the ego speaks about the Tumm, that the nanos go along the coast to the south-east. And the storms most often come here from the south-east, and they would seem to be chanting pebbles just in the opposite direction!
It was necessary to remember that the number and speed of movement of the nanos depend on the energy of the wave, and the energy of the waves of various directions is far from the same. Western storms, though rare, but are exceptional in their strength. The energy of a nine ball storm, who came from the West, from the huge spaces of the open sea, twelve times the energy of the seven-story southeastern storm, who, arising from Batumi, does not have time to disperse a particularly big wave. The energy of the waves of each storm for the year was calculated and their energy referred to be constructed. And this new equal layer lay so that she showed a really observed direction of the coastal stream. This work was conducted by the Soviet engineer A. M. Zhdanov.
Pacific sunny morning. We are on the Black Sea coast, somewhere on the rocky coast, for example, at the foot of the Karadygian rocks.
These are the clock of complete silence, when the night wind from the land has not yet changed the day sea wind. Almost a fixed sea minimizes its colors, reflecting the sky and coastal cliffs lit by bright rays.
Nothing disrupts the serenity of the early morning. Lazily circling the winged predator high above the rocks. Even the troubles of seagulls swept and sit on the shore, as if waiting for something.
Quiet and on the seabed. Between the coastal cliffs is clearly visible on a large depth. Stems of brown algae barely pegs, their thick thickets resemble some kind of dwarf fantastic forest. From the stem of the naval grass, a sharp figurine of the sea skate was separated and, quickly wrapped in tiny fins, steer over the forest of algae. One of the stems suddenly moved and, smoothly curling, swam between the stones. Behind him is another. But it is not stems, but very thin fish-needles. Where less algae and bottom of the multicolored Karadagskaya pebbles are quickly penetrated, the cups of tiny fir kophali rush. From under the stone, making the water, stirring the clashes, crawling a huge black crab, confused in thought on the spot, fiercely looked at the underwater world by wriggled eyes and sideways under the other stone.
Silence and peace in nature involuntarily give rise to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe eternal inviolability of stone cliffs and rocks, praying on the coast. And it seems there is no such force that could destroy these fixed bulbs ...
But from the sea pulled a light breeze. The smallest ripple with long stripes covered the surface of the water. The sky is still clear, only far on the horizon, as if a lonely sail, a white cloud appeared.
It takes a few minutes. The cloud grows, branches, is made gray. Another instant - and, becoming completely lead, it is a huge clawed paw on the shore. The sun hid. Strong gusts of the wind tear the tops of the waves and throw them ashore. Rocks become wet and slippery.
The seagulls shot down into the air and with a cry, then falling, then waking up, quickly rush over the sea. The waves grow all and grow, and finally three-meter shafts are collapsed ashore. The stone from which we first watched the seabed, then the case disappears under their ridges. A minute, and the solid wall of the rain hid the horizon ...
If a biologist prefers silent weather for observations, then for a geologist who wants to see the action of external geological forces, the storm and shower give the richest material.
The shower produces a devastating work of a huge strength, especially in mountainous areas where water flows formed by shower are lowered at high speeds on the slopes of mountains, beams and mountain rivers, blurring and demolishing the closet amount of stone chip.
Most of all shallow particles of clay and sandy loose rocks are most. These particles are easily moved by aquatic streams that have even low speed. It is clear that the soil cover of the flames of the slopes suffers from the showers in the mountainous areas. Sometimes dozens of hectares of fertile soils are washed. At the same time, soils and other loose rocks saturated with moisture can form powerful mud streams-villages, terrible destructive power. Rushing on the slopes, sat down in their way of the gardens, vineyards and even whole villages.
However, such catastrophic phenomena is relatively rare. Usually, the removal of the surface waters of the smallest particles of rocks in the weighted water, and large debris - pebbles, cobblestones and boulders are moving, rolling through the bottom of the mountain rivers.
The entire debris material, washed off from the surface of the sushi, eventually takes place in the sea and deposit at its bottom. At the same time, it is rather naturally distributed on the seabed in the magnitude of the wreckage.
All visiting the Crimea know perfectly well that on the beach of the South Coast, as well as other places of the mountain coast a lot of fragments of rocks and pebbles of various sizes. If you go down to the bottom of the sea 100-150 meters from the pebble shore, it will be lined with small pebble (gravel) and large sand. At high depths, the bottom is covered with fine-grained sand, which with increasing depth is done all thinner and thinner, and at the depths reaching hundreds of meters, the bottom of the sea is covered with a solid layer of il.
Such a distribution of debris material on the seabed is explained by the unequal mobility of water. At the shores, in the zone of the surf, where the water is almost always in motion, sand particles and even more so can't cazen, only large pebbles remain in this zone. At the large depths where the excitement of the sea's surface does not affect so much on bottom sediments, for example, at a depth of 10-15 meters, sandy particles are postponed, and finally, at a depth of more than one hundred meters, where even the excitement of strong storms does not break the silence of bottom Waters - the smallest particles are precipitated with dimensions less than 0.01 millimeters. Only the bottom flows of large sea depths sometimes climb and move or are molded; Sediment.
Even or etched particles are almost not precipitated from the shores of the seabed, as much of the clay material is settled although at considerable depths, but closer to the shore from which it comes. Only the wind brought by the wind can be made on the seabed at a large distance from the coast.
There are and retreat from this pattern in the distribution of marine precipitation. For example, the Evpatoria beach does not contain a gallery and completely consists of sink sand; They are also selected and bottom for many hundred meters from the coast. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe surf on the Black Sea coast of the Kerch Peninsula in some places there are no sands, here from the shore itself to significant depths of the bottom of the sea are covered with or strong precipitation. This is explained by the fact that the land of the Evpatoria coast is composed of loose shell limestone and sandy-clay rocks, and the coast of the Kerch Peninsula placed only clays. It is clear that these loose rocks with blurred and destruction of surface waters are easily disintegrated by component fine-grained particles, without forming large debris and, thus, the zone of large-grass marine precipitation is missing here. The rocks of the mountain coast of the Crimea are composed with more ancient, compacted, tightly craneled sedimentary rocks and very durable - erupted. Due to its density, these breeds have been kept in large debris for a long time, even when surface water is transferred to long distances.
Surface waters put in the sea. The debris material, and sea waves in the surf zone, in turn, make continuous devastating work, especially increasing during storms. In rocky shores, they produce niches and various wins, sometimes the most bizarre form (for example, the original prominant already known to us is formed - the Karadag Gate). The shores are losing stability, and from time to time cliffs occur, clutching the coast of fragments. If the rock breeds are loose or weakly semplarmed, and the shores are high and cool, then there is a fizzing of the coastal slopes. The landslides often reach huge sizes and cause serious destruction in coastal areas. The debris material formed as a result of the activities of sea waves is distributed through the seabed as natural as the fragments brought by surface waters. So begin their formation at the bottom of the sea. The sedimentary crumpled breeds, called otherwise terrific (terra - Earth), as the particles from which they are formed are coming from the surface of the sushi - from the ground.
The organic life of the sea also creates large precipitation at the seabed.
Who visited the Evpatoria beach or in other places of the coast of the Steppe Crimea or the Kerch Peninsula, he, of course, saw here a certain amount of mollusk shells. In the silent weather at a small depth, you can observe alive clams, slowly moving along the bottom or attached to underwater stones or algae.
Especially there is a lot of bivalve ribbed sinks of mollusk Cardium, or hearts painted in various shades of pinkish and lilac tones. It is less likely to come across oblong, similar to the long claws of the sinks of golden and rather large beautiful sinks of pectenes, or, otherwise, scallops. Where the coast is replete with pitfalls or algae, it is possible to discover the accumulations of black pear sinks of mussels, which form huge colonies called banks. In addition to the listed clams, many others meet. Little balaanus rains are often attached to the sheds of large shells, which are also enclosed in the lime conical sink. These wraps are also referred to as marine acorns.
The shells of mollusks are also at the rocky shores, but most of all in the relatively shallow parts of the sea, where the bottom is lined with sand with an admixture of ila.
There are especially many bottom mollusks, in particular hearts and scallops, inhabiting depths from 15 and to 35 meters.
Over time, the lime sinks of the die mollusks form multi-meters at the bottom of the sea, and if it has a gentle slope, the strip of shell sediments reaches the width of several kilometers. The waves of the surf make the sinks and their debris ashore, and thus there are extensive sewerous beaches like Evpatorial.
So begin their formation at the seabed of biological origin, or, as they are called, - biogenic, for the mollusk sink consists of carbon dioxide calcium extracted by mollusa from the seawater solution and the solids deposited as a solid.
In addition to biogenic precipitation, chemical precipitation can be formed. These are different substances precipitating in the form of crystals at the bottom of the closed basins as a result of strong evaporation of water saturated water.
Such precipitation includes: self-sample salt, Glauberova salt, gypsum and many other salts.
Some substances contained in river waters fall into the sediment when mixing these waters with nautical salted water. For example, solutions of iron salts and manganese river waters, falling into a salty sea pool, falling into a precipitate, forming ils enriched with these elements. These sludge over time are transformed into iron and manganese ores of sedimentary origin.
Calcium carbon dioxide can fall into precipitate and when the water temperature changes. In colder waters, the solubility of calcium carbon dioxide is large than in warm; Water heating leads to partial precipitation.
Such in general terms is the process of formation at the seabed of powerful sediment of terrigenous, biogenic and chemical origin.
There are centuries and millennia. The precipitation at the bottom of the sea accumulates more and more, especially in its coastal zones, due to the continuous erosion of the surface waters of the giving sushi. And if the earthly bark was in constant peace, then over time it would not be on the globe of the mainland, and there would be a solid shallow ocean. But this does not happen and can not happen, as the earthly Cora is all the time in motion, dropping and climbing, which, in turn, entails the offensive of the sea to the land and the retreat of marine waters from it. So the deep sea depressions and high mountain systems are formed.
If the sushi is lowered, the sea comes to the shore, and then coastal pebble deposits are at greater depth and on top of them are deposited sands and yers or shells. This way creates sedimentary rocks of various compositions. If the sushi raising occurs, the part of the sea precipitation appears on the surface of the Earth, and the deepest sea deposits, for example, ils, are in a shallow water zone, and then pebbles and sands are postponed on top of them.
The oscillations of the earth's crust occur continuously and almost always very slowly and unnoticed, but for a long geological time measured by hundreds of thousands and millions of years, individual sections of the land are moving vertically by several kilometers, and therefore we can observe how ancient sea precipitation sometimes occur on The vertices of the mountains.
For a huge period of time, loose, bulk or plastic bottom sediments of the sea are gradually compacted and converted into a hardware sedimentary breed, which through the century reappears on the surface of the Earth, is subjected to the destructive effect of atmospheric forces, and again its debris or dissolved salt in water in the water are deployed and deposited At his day.
Such is the continuous process of destruction and the formation of sedimentary rocks, the primary material of which there were erupted rocks.
We talked about the process of occurrence of sedimentary rocks at the bottom of the sea. Sedimentary breeds are created on land. It also accumulates various debris material, deprecated with surface waters and wind. But the scale of the accumulation of continental sedimentary rocks is negligible compared to the marine. And the existence of continental precipitation is usually short-term. Most often they quickly blur and demolished in the sea.
In short, sushi is the place of mainly the destruction of the stone by external geological forces, and the sea is the formation of stone rocks and minerals of sedimentary origin.
The surface of the Crimean Peninsula by more than 99% is complexed by sedimentary rocks of various composition and geological age. All these breeds of marine origin, and only the relatively thin cover of Suglink and Soil relative to them refers to relatively recent continental formations.
Stones of sedimentary origin are very diverse, and many of them are minerals, i.e., mineral wealth that are used in the national economy.
Go now on the highway from Simferopol in Alushta. During the descent from the pass two kilometers from the highway on the left side, a huge array of Mount Demerji is towers. At the top of the mountain and its slopes facing the sea, numerous pillars and tower of the bizarre form are distinguished. One of these pillars is reminded by Bust Catherine II, and therefore Demerji is sometimes called Catherine Mountain.
Mount Mora is undoubtedly picturesque, but it's not enough to geologist, he always seeks to get closer to the material from which her rocks are created.
It is better and easier to penetrate the top of Demerji from Alushta pass. By this, you will save several cells of the lift meters, as the height of the mountain exceeds 1200 meters.
Passing on the western slope of Demerji, you will see the bottom of the huge block of stone. This is a grand collapse, which in the last century the village was destroyed, which was at the foot of the mountain.
Mount Demerji is composed by sedimentary rocks - conglomerates representing a firmly craneled pebble. Now we already know that these are sea coastal sediments of some of the ancient sea or an ancient river delta. Mount Conglomerates in time belong to the Jurassic period removed from us by 110-120 million years. It is not surprising that for such a long period of time, the coastal tacle is firmly selected and turned out to be an altitude of more than 1,200 meters above sea level.
Conglomerates of Mount Demerji are a very durable breed, they slowly affect the external forces. But still the wind, water and temperature fluctuations make their destructive work, again turning the conglomerate in the alert. As a result of the centuries-old action of these forces, those bizarre pillars and towers that are visible from afar were formed. Here, on the top of the mountain, these pillars are especially magnificent, and do not even believe that they are created by the activities of external geological forces.
If you carefully look at the peaks, the conglomerate conglomerate, then we can find among them a variety of breeds. Here we will meet the black pebbles of dense sandstones and slates, milk-white quarzen pebbles, red patterned pebbles unknown in the Crimea of \u200b\u200bthe erupted breed-granite. Occasionally there are black brilliant pebbles of hematite ore mineral.
Black pebbles of dense sandstones and shale represent the fragments of breeds of more ancients than conglomerates. Shalants by age also belong to the Jurassic breeds, but formed at the beginning of the Jurassic period, and are sea precipitation of large depths. Numerous quartz pebbles are also representatives of more ancient rocks than conglomerates. The pebbles of the erupted breed of granite and pebbles of hematite belong to even more ancient rocks, almost unknown in the Crimea. Only near the city of Balaklava found a small rock of granite, but absolutely not similar to Granite Galek Demerji.
How did they get into the Jurassic Sea wreckage granite?
Many scientists believe that north of Demerji in Jurassic time there was a sushi, folded by rocks, unknown in Crimea in our time. Later, this land dropped into a big depth and formed a gigantic depression, which was filled with the water of the Black Sea. The traces of the former existence of this sushi are captured in her wreckage - pebbles enclosed in Conglomerates Demerji.
Conglomerate is used by the local population as a brown stone for the foundations of buildings, but there is no wide use as a building stone, as it is necessary to handle.
Leave the top of Demerji with its bizarre weathering and go down on the southeastern mountain slope. Here we will see completely different breeds - slates and sandstones, underlying Conglomerates Demerji.
These thin-alone almost black breeds are widespread throughout the southern and southeast coast of the Crimea. Their distinctive feature is that in many places they are strongly crumpled in folds and fascinated. You can even observe the folds of the second and third order, when the wing of one gigantic fold in turn is crumpled and consists of smaller folds, and the latter are also twisted into small folds of the magnitude of several dozen centimeters.
The shale and sandstones of the Black Sea coast of Crimea belong to the most ancient rocks formed at the end of the triad and beginning of the Jurassic period. Increation in more detail, these breeds are not divided, as they do not contain fossil organic residues. They are assigned a general name - the Tavrichesky stratum.
It is easy to note that the breed of the Tauric Toles, as if puff pastry, consist of layers of black thin-grained clay shale, intermitted with the baking sheets of dense sandstones. Consequently, these precipitations, as well as conglomerates, chip-terrigenous origin, but they were formed not in the coastal zone, but at more significant depths where fine clay particles could be made, of which shale were formed. During the deposits of these precipitations, the depth of the sea has changed continuously: at times the sea was made smaller, and then the sands were put down, at times they became deeper again, and the deposition of clay particles was renewed. So the oscillatory process of the earth's crust was reflected in the nature of the structure of this sedimentary strata. During the formation of the breeds of the Tauric Taste in the lagoons and the bays of the Jurassic Sea, in addition to the debris material, a large number of plant residues were accumulated, which were buried under the idios of the lagoon and the bays and were preserved to our time in the form of coal layers. Stone coal in sand-shale sediments is found in many places of Crimea. Known, for example, Beshai Copy, located in the top of the river. Kachi. For some time, these reps were developed, and coal was used for local needs. In the coal formations often encounter petrose resin - Gagat. Gagat is easily processing, and from it you can make various minor items and decorations.
Black tauride slates are easily smeared on thin tiles, but unfortunately, small sizes. It may be possible to find an array of these breeds, in which the shale will not be so fragmented, and then thin tiles of large sizes can be used as roofing material. The thick tiles of sandstones are widely used in the local population: fences are laid out and even walls, mainly household buildings.
If you hit the Mount Demerji from the south-east and, coming out to the village of General, climb the Hophal gorge, then we will fall into the area of \u200b\u200bdistribution of other sedimentary breeds - limestone, which occur in the Jurassic Conglomerates.
In the Crimea limestone is widely distributed and belong to various geological ages. Limestones in the Hophal gorge - the most ancient limestone of the Crimea, they are believed to Verkhne-Jurassic time. They made a majority of the vertices and flat than the mining of the peninsula. These plateales are referred to in the Crimea Yailas.
Having a hard gorge Hophal, we will go on the Ridge Tarzka, connecting two large ias: Demerji-Yayla in the south-west and carabis-iala in the northeast.
The surface of the egg is devoid of wood vegetation and is a weak-haired plain, places covered herbs, naked, stony. Sometimes in the folds of the terrain grow small groups of dwarf, twisted with continuous winds of pines. While in the center of Yayla, you forget that we rose to the height of more than 1000 meters above sea level and what is lower than you, on the southern and northern iala slopes, typical mountain landscape and magnificent vegetation. This, contrast, especially notice after the picturesque gorge of Hophal with its waterfalls and century forest.
We already know that limestones in most cases of biological origin and less often are formed as a chemical precipitate.
The egg limestones are also biogenic precipitations with some admixture of sand-clay material, so they have a light oral color. There are also pretty clean limestones of white or limestone color. The insignificant gland impurities, manganese and other elements often create a beautiful pattern, which is clearly detected when polishing the stone.
Considering the limestone, you can see the organic residues enclosed in it in the form of shells and corals, indicating that this limestone of marine and biological origin. But tens of millions of years who have passed since the burial time at the bottom of the sea of \u200b\u200bthese organisms with a limestone skeleton, and the huge pressure caused strong changes in lime precipitation. They turned into a dense breed, in which the primary calcium carbonate recrystallized, and therefore the sash and corals concluded in the stone sash and the corals merge with the total mass of the stone and are sometimes distinguishable.
Such dense recrystallized limestone, easy to polish, are called marbledes.
An array of gray marble limestones, located near Yalta, is being developed, and the extracted stone is used to make various crafts: written devices, desktop decorations and other small things. Plates for facing buildings and some architectural decorations are also manufactured from marbled limestone.
There is a real marble in Crimea, whose deposits are located near the city of Balaklava. The drawing of the Crimean marble is also elected, thanks to the remnants of shells and corals concluded in it, and the combination of gentle yellowish tones with bright red and brown shades gives the special charm of the ground surface of this stone. Crimean marble made facing plates, adorning some lobby of the Moscow Metro. It is hardly the first in the history of the culture of the stone applied by a man's marble as a material for sculptural works and architectural decorations. For these purposes, marble was used in ancient Greece.
In Tsarist Russia, marble was almost not mined. This stone was imported mainly from Greece and was almost exclusively for the decoration of the royal palaces and the dwellings of the rich.
Now, in our time, the graceful buildings of the communism and the heyday of Soviet culture and art, marble, more than ever in history, found wide use in our country. At the same time, we use domestic marble, characterized by the beauty of the pattern and a variety of paints. Our marble can be seen in the halls of the Moscow Palace of Science - University. Lomonosov, in the wonderful palaces of the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition, on the facilities of the Volga-Don Canal. V.I. Lenin and in many other buildings in various cities of our Motherland.
Marble is widely used in industry. Being an excellent insulating material, it is used to make switchboards and various insulating parts. Marbled and generally dense pure limestone are used in the metallurgical industry as fluxes.
Marble is easy to handle: sawing, thread, grinding and polishing. However, marble products although durable, but not eternal. In this regard, marble is largely inferior to the erupted rocks.
Academician A. E. Fersman estimated that on average in a century, a layer of marble in a thickness of 1 millimeter is dissolved. On the scale of the human life, this is a negligible value, although it should not be neglected. In the scale of geological time, marble and limestone are treated as easily soluble rocks. Multiply, for example, a value of 1 millimeter is ten thousand times and it will turn out to be a layer of 10 meters. Such a thickness of the layer will dissolve within one million years, and in the history of the Earth, this is a very short period of time, about one three thousandth time that has passed since the beginning of the formation of the earth's crust. It should be noted that in the respective natural conditions, limestone rocks may dissolve much more intensively than one millimeter in a hundred years.
Especially quickly, the limestone is dissolved by water containing coalic acid, which is distinguished in a large number of roots of plants; It is dissolved by other natural acids.
Pay attention to the surface of the Crimean Yayl. There are funk-shaped recesses and failures in some places. Sometimes in the center of the failure there is a canal that goes deep into. Nude limestones in low places of oval have a peculiar bug stem and published resemble a flock of grazing sheep. All this is the result of dissolving limestone with surface waters, a phenomenon, called the karst.
Penetrating into the dends to the limestone massif, water continues to dissolve the limestone, forming the channels for which underground rivers sometimes swiftly. Over time, galleries and huge caves are formed on their way. Sometimes water reappears on the surface in the form of powerful springs. Such springs, for example, refers to the famous source of Ayan, located on the northern sorts of Chatrdag (Tanther-Mountain) and the city of Simferopol with water.
Meet the limestones and the marble of Crimea we started in the gorge Hophal. It would seem that it would not be worthwhile to pass the reader 20 kilometers from Alushta Highway to show him the limestone and familiarize with the marbles of the Crimea, which can be easily seen on Ai-Petri and in the vicinity of Yalta, even without leaving the bus. But in this little famous corner - Hophal Gorge - for one route we have the opportunity to observe almost all the most important varieties of sedimentary breeds - conglomerates, sandstones, clay and limestone. In addition, in the Hophal gorge, we will see one of the most beautiful Waterfalls of the Crimea, powered by underground karst waters, which, at the exit to the surface, allocate a huge amount of lime in the form of a light porous mass, called a lime tuff. And, finally, 5-6 kilometers to the northeast of the gorge is a Karabi-iala, which has the most pronounced forms of karst processes.
We have quite fully characterized marble and a little told about limestone, from which, in fact, and tight marbles are formed.
There are many limestone in Crimea, they are composed of whole arrays in the mountains and huge strata of hollow-tilt layers in the steppe of the peninsula.
Widely known both in the Crimea and beyond white, rather dense limestones belonging to age by the end of the chalk period. They consist of lime skeletons of microscopic corals - Mshanok with a slight admixture of sand-clay material. More often, these breeds are called an inkerman stone, since near the inkerman it is mined in large quantities.
Durable inkerman stone is widely used as a wall and facing building material. The city-hero Sevastopol was converted from the ruins to one of the most beautiful cities of the country, and the buildings of this city are largely obliged to their beauty of snow-white or slightly yellowish inkerman stones, which are lined with the walls of all the buildings of the city.
In the area of \u200b\u200bSimferopol, Evpatoria, Kerch and in many other places of the foothill and the steppe Crimea are widespread a seven-sewer, completely consisting of saccite \u200b\u200bsaccite, once inhabited the shallow seas of the tertiary period, which covered the territory of modern Crimean steppes and foothills.
The shell stone is a porous breed, which is easily poured by an ordinary saw on the bars. It possesses incomparably less strength than an inkerman stone, and therefore it is erected at home in one, rarely in two floors height.
In Crimea, a brick building is the same rarity as wooden. All cities of Crimea are built of stone born at the bottom of the sea as a result of centuries-old activities of marine organisms.
Although in the Crimea and there are no brick buildings, but the brick is manufactured in significant quantities for furnaces, factory pipes and other construction purposes. For the development of bricks, the breed also uses sedimentary origin - clay. The best for the production of bricks, roofing tiles, pipes and various potter products are clams formed at the beginning of the chalk period. The reserves of these clays are huge, their layers are stretched, ranging from Balaclava, along the previations of the whole Crimea to Feodosia.
The stocks of Mergel are also huge - breed of sedimentary origin, representing a selected mixture of clay and lime particles. Mergeli are the most important raw materials for the manufacture of cement, which is not produced in the Crimea.
Limestones and Mergeli are not rich in minerals. Sometimes they encounter calcite crystals and gypsum, which, however, do not differ in any beauty nor the magnitude. In clamps, you can find many beautiful gypsum crystals in the form of large roses or in the shape of a swallow tail. Rounded specs of spherosiderite, clusters and crusts of gold cubic crystals of pyrite are also found. However, all these minerals do not represent rarity, we can meet them everywhere and therefore do not make them searching in these breeds.
Territative and biogenic precipitations are usually poor minerals visible by a simple eye, but when viewed by these breeds under a microscope, mineralogs finds an equally rich collection here than in the erupted rocks.
Studying sedimentary rocks under a microscope and determining the microscopic crystals and fragments enclosed in them, geologists are often able to set the land area with which these particles in the ancient seas are received, and thus recreate the geography of a distant geological past.
Exceptional interest is sedimentary breeds for the one who wishes to know the history of the Crimea and the development of living organisms that inhabited his sea and land. In petrified remnants of animals and plants, it is possible to relatively fully and accurately reproduce the picture of the life and landscapes that existed millions of years ago.
We do not intend to stay away from the geological history of the Crimea and dedicate to this issue several pages at the end of the essay. Now let's get acquainted with the latter and most interesting in mineralogical terms by a group of sedimentary breeds - breeds of chemical origin.
We have already mentioned the processes of formation of various chemical precipitation, and now we will get acquainted with their variety - Kerch Ore Ruda.
To do this, we will have to go again to the Kerch Peninsula, in the village of Arshitsevo, located on the rippletish coast of the Kerch Strait near Kerch.
Arshitsevo is located in a large basin, limited chain of low hills.
If you climb on top of one of the hills, it is not difficult to trace that the ridge of these heights from all sides bold a hood with the village, mines and collective farm fields located in it; Only in the east, it is open towards the Kerch Strait.
The relief of the eastern and northern parts of the Kerch Peninsula is characterized by such basins surrounded by ring-shaped chains of hills folded very strong limestones.
These limestones consist of tiny corals already known to us, called Msanka. It is possible to consider leafy formations that are destroyed by the smallest cells and tubules that served the housing for the microscopic organisms of these corals.
More than 10 million years ago, at the beginning of the Maochemical age of the tertiary period, the Kerch Peninsula poured the shallow sea, and although the territory of the peninsula was significantly removed from the mountain Crimea, where there were powerful global processes, however, the action of these forces affected. The terrestrial layers of the Kerch Peninsula are also folded into the folds, although very gentle. And where the crest of folds rose, the bottom of the Maedical Sea Mello, and the lifting was so significant that the islands were formed. Along these islands, in shallow water, and lived msanka corals. Gradually appeared more and more of the islands, the msanka reefs increased in their sizes, and thus, over time, lagows were formed, surrounded by a chain of mushworm reefs.
In the subsequent geological epochs of the lagoon were filled with new and new precipitation, consisting of either sandily-clay material, or from numerous shells. Due to the small, but unstanding the oscillations of the sushi, the lagoons are melli, they were deeper. The climate at the time was moderate, with small precipitation.
Several million years have passed, and the hot subtropical wet climate of the Kimmerian century has come. The lagunons by that time were represented by shallow watershed pools, separated from each other with the chain of the islands and peninsulas.
The hot humid climate caused a magnificent flowering of vegetation and intensive chemical decomposition of the Sushi breeds around the lagoon. The crumbs of the thick forest, abundant by the shores of the lagoon, were saturated in the lagows of the streams and rivers with organic and inorganic acids.
These waters leached iron, manganese and other elements from surrounding rocks and soils and in a dissolved state endured them in the lagoon. In the lagoons, when mixed with freshwater, sushi with salt-waters of the lagoon, dissolved salts of iron and other elements were precipitated, stirring with or sandy and sandy particles, brings the same streams. Various organic residues brought by waters from sushi decomposed at the bottom of the lagoon, providing abundant food with a variety of microorganisms, which in turn served as a mollusc. Therefore, the clams in the Kimmerian age are particularly successfully multiplied by a variety of species and achieved large sizes. In addition to mollusks, the lagoons were populated by fish and seals.
So during the millennium there was an accumulation of il-saturated iron at the bottom of the Lagoon in the Kimmerian age.
Later, as a result of the general raising of sushi, the sea retreated from the lagoon, the fericed precipitates compressed, various iron, manganese, phosphorus, barium and other elements were formed in them, and they turned into an iron ore of sedimentary chemical origin.
Our acquaintance with the Kerchen ores and their minerals we will start with the coastal cloth of the Kerch Strait in Arshitsevo.
To do this, it is necessary to go to the park of culture and recreation and on the iron staircase to go down to the beach of the Kerch Strait. Taking the direction to the south, you will soon see the forty-meter wall of the cliff, in places completely vertical, the places are divided into gigantic stages of landslides. The layers of sedimentary rocks are clearly traced on the wall: on a limestone limestone, consisting of the smallest shells and their debris, in a mixture with some clay and fine sand, there is a dark-roof layer of ore, and over it gray layers of sands and clays, younger than ore deposits, And at the very top of the cliff with a solid cover, light-chicted loams are locked.
We are interested in ore and her minerals, we will deal with it.
Brown loose mass - iron ore - completely consists of concentricly-healous fragile brown balls, called oolithiums. These balls, like crystals, grew in glandist Ilu. Apparently, or liquid particles prevented the formation of real crystals, and the ferrous solutions layer on the layer were concentrated around various small particles, permeating the clay mass of the sludge.
These oolites consist of a mixture of various iron hydroxides, referred to as the mineral lemonite, with an admixture of a clay substance.
Among brown ooliths sometimes come across black shiny, as if lacquered. Their color says that in these oolitis, except for iron, contains a significant amount of manganese.
Among the oolita ore mass are rounded, usually black from the surface, large glats, which sometimes reach several dozen centimeters in the diameter.
Such entities are familiar to us on the Karadaga - these are concrete, according to, unlike the Karadygian, sedimentary origin. They arise in a dense ore mass, when slowly circulating in oolite ore, saturated with different mineral substances, solutions are concentrated around any inclusions and deposit new minerals.
Some of the specifics are kind of natural caskets that store beautiful crystals. However, a lot will have to open such caskets to meet one or two, which have a rich content.
Try a slight blow hammer to split the nation. Sometimes there is a significant size cavity in it, as if velvet lined with black with a bluette with a bluette. Often on this layer, like diamonds on black velvet, glittering small transparent plates; The black flare is the mineral of the Vad (manganese hydroxulated), and the sparkling plates - the crystals of the calcite known to us.
It happens that instead of a velvety laid, the concrete cavity is lined with a black shiny very dense crust; This is also a hydroxidal manganese - Ppislélin.
Often in privation cavities there are various phosphorus minerals - phosphates, which are compounds of iron, manganese, calcium, phosphorus, oxygen and water.
Just like Zeolites Karadaga, these phosphates are famous for the whole alliance. Nowhere has no such diversity, such beautiful and large crystals. Many of the phosphates were first opened here, and they were given local names. Most often, in thections or in cavities, shells there are brown crystals of oxycerneenite, then separate long, then the set of short, directed in all directions like hedgehog needles. It is less likely to dry, almost black flat gamma crystals - and beta-kerchinite. Comparatives are relatively less as well as alpha-kerchinite crystals. Occasionally you can find small bright light-mounted needles of Anapait.
In addition to clearly crystalline phosphates, there are often so-called earthy varieties, which are powdered mass, often mixed with iron ore. These phosphates include in the form of fine residences of the accumulation of canary-yellow mitridatite and green brosphealth. In the cracks and voids of ore, you can find thin raids and gap of shirolube earthy beta-kerchinite. In those areas of ore, which have long been exposed to air oxygen, are detected similar to the carbon black seagulls of the pecite mineral.
All these minerals containing phosphorus are an additional mineral mineral deposit. When smelting steel from the cast iron, the phosphor contained in it goes into a slag that can be used as fertilizer in agriculture.
Most of the nodules on has cavities and is a dense grayish-green mass consisting of clay seerite, around which the concentration of manganese, phosphorus and some other minerals occurs.
With the unloading of the loose ore, we can meet brown petrified bones of some vertebrates - these are the remains of the seal once living in the Kimmerian lagoons. The bone tissue of these residues is completely substituted by phosphorus compounds and is a phosphorite mineral.
Less often come across white bones and residues of woody vegetation. Taking a similar fossil in her hand, you will be surprised by her great weight. This is a baryt mineral (sulfate barium), which completely replaced the fabric of organic residues. Such mineral formations are referred to as metamorphoses.
In Kerch Ore Barita, there is little, and therefore it does not have a practical value here, but the big deposits of this mineral are being developed for obtaining barium, which is used in the chemical industry and medicine.
In the loose ore mass there are often individual plaster crystals exceptionally correct cut, and although this mineral does not represent a rarity, it should still use the case, collect the collection of plaster crystals here.
Finishing the collection of minerals in Kerch Ruda, it must be said that we learned far from all minerals contained in them. There are a number of minerals that can be found in the ore mass only under a microscope, and there are minerals and varieties of ores that are in deeper zones of the deposit; They can be removed only with drilling or penetration of rather deep mountain workings.
Ore, naked in the coastal cliff, were not always like that we see them now. The long-term impact of external forces largely changed the mineralogical composition and physical properties of ores; Some minerals disappeared and new appeared. Such changes can sometimes occur in a very short time. For example, with exploration work carried out on Kerch deposits, from the depth, where the layers of ore are saturated with underground waters and where the oxygen does not penetrate the oxygen, extremely dense, greenish-brown, the so-called "tobacco" ore was extracted. Some varieties of this ore have changed their color after a few days and turned into a loose brown ore, like the one we saw in the coastal cliff.
So sometimes, the change in the mineralogical composition of the stone, which produced in new conditions, for example, in a medium rich in oxygen and devoid of water is quickly increasingly proceeds.
Having completed the fees of minerals and ores in the coastal cliff, you should familiarize yourself with the mine, which is located 6 kilometers from the village (you can drive around the bus). We recommend, by agreement with the administration of the iron ore plant, see the careers, where ore, as well as the factory, where the ore is enriched and agglomerated (from the loose it turns into a sintering of sintering at high temperatures), in a word, to obtain an idea of \u200b\u200bboth the entire process of preparing natural mineral raw materials Metal smelting from it.
Kerch iron ores are known for a very long time. In ancient times, the inhabitants of the Crimea have already knew about ores. It is told to us by the Crimean archaeologists, which during the excavations near the planernaya in the ancient grainnesses of the Slavic tribes discovered pieces of blue paint, which turned out to be a mineral beta-kerchinite from Kerch Rud. These ancient burials date back to the VIII century of our era.
The first descriptions of Kerch Rud belong to travelers of the XVIII century, but these information were fragmentary and did not allow the reserves and quality of ore.
For many years, Kerch ores did not find practical applications. And only since 1894, Kerch deposits tried to develop various entrepreneurs as Russians and foreign, however, due to extremely low equipment and fierce competition, these capitalist enterprises often suffered collapse.
Only after the October Revolution, the metallurgical industry on the basis of Kerch Rud began to be developed at a rapid pace.
Kdddyburinsky mine and metallurgical plant they have grown. WORK. Every year the mining of ore grew and the release of cast iron and steel increased.
During the Great Patriotic War, the fascist invaders were destroyed by the mine and the plant, completely destroyed the working villages; No less injured and the city of Kerch.
After the war, the mine and his villages were completely restored in a short time. Now this is a whole city with a lot of large houses, a stadium, a park, club. The newest machines are applied on the mine, processing and agglomeration factories. Ore mining is fully mechanized.
Iron ores are not the only chemical sedimentary formations in the Crimea. Even in our time, we have chemical precipitation in our eyes.
In Crimea, a lot of salted lakes, many of them maritime origin. These lakes in a recent geological past were the bays of the Black and Azov seas, which, over time, separated from the sea with sandy shallows and braids, washed by marine waves, and turned into coastal lakes.
However, these lakes did not lose touch with the sea. Through the sandy narrow braids, nautical water is easily seeping, rolling the lake, whose water is continuously evaporated. Thus, the concentration of salts in the water lakes gradually increases.
In the hot summer, when water evaporating from the lakes does not have time to compensate for seeding through the braid water, the concentration of salts in the lake water increases so much that the formation of crystals of these salts occurs. The first in the sediment falls the crystals of the cooking salt, covering the white crust of the bottom of a small lake and its coast. In some Crimean lakes, self-catering salt is mined.
In addition to the cook salt (soda chloride), other salts are contained in lakes: magnesium chloride, sodium sulfate (Glauberov Salt), calcium sulfate (gypsum) and some other valuable salts.
Especially rich in salts a huge bay of the Azov Sea - East Sivash. It communicates with the sea with only one narrow strait in the region of the genic and therefore resembles a large coastal lake, separated from the sea with a narrow oblique length of 120 kilometers - the Arabat arrow.
The bottom Il of some Lakes Crimea has valuable medical properties and is widely used by many sanatoriums and the mud of the Crimea.
In the Crimea, on the Kerch Peninsula, there is a deposit and fossil salts, for example, a rather significant deposit of plaster near the village of Martviki. Plaster reservoir thickness up to 4-5 meters is developed, mined gypsum bend to Kerch, where alabaster is produced from it, widely used in construction work and medicine. However, the plaster of this field is strongly polluted by an admixture of clay and consists of small, closely pressed crystals closely. Finding beautiful large transparent crystals are quite difficult, and therefore will have to be held the samples of this mineral collected in ore sediments.
These include our brief acquaintance with the main sedimentary rocks of the Crimea, their most interesting minerals and the processes of destruction and creation, which created this most common group of rocks in the Crimea.
In Xia, the pebbles of this world, with the exception of the morahes of pieces of man-made bricks, slag blocks and windows, came out either out of the water, or from the fire, and its age is calculated tens of thousands and even by millions of years. A long time ago, Caucasian Mountains (and with them the territory of the city of Sochi), the peers of the Alps, Carpathians, Crimea and the Himalayas, were the bottom of a huge warm ocean. Year after year, the eyelid, the blurred particles of rocks or the remains of plants and the marine inhabitants are deposited by layers, forming the strata of sedimentary rocks by rivers. Over time, the movement of lithospheric plates has formed the folds, of which the modern Caucasus grew up - therefore on the mountain vertices, for example, on Mount Fisht or on Aibge, together with limestones of hemogenic and debris origin, they meet organic - whole fossil coral reefs, the remains of huge ammonite mollusks, imprints The skeletons of the ancient fish and the teeth of sharks. Completely other stones came out of fire - basalts, gabbro, granites. These breeds have formed the threads of magma or lava on Earth or under Earth. There is a third type of rock - metamorphic, formed from sedimentary or igneous under the influence of large pressures or temperatures.
In addition to standard basalts and limestone, corn cobs and dead jellyfish, Sochi surf can make me semi-precious stones to your feet - red and yellow jasper. Red, hematite, fall into the sea from the Mzimti's headwalls, yellow - on the Soakovka from the Plastunsky North. In the 30s of the last century on the coastline in the city trait and washed gold at all, the whole artel was worked. In the second half of the twentieth century, the Firsts were closed as unprofitable, but the fact remains a fact - if in the village of Magnimury under Batumi, people are not like a healing magnetic sand, then in Sochi - on gold.
SCAPP asked Alexander Trenbach geologist to select and designate samples of rocks from ordinary Black Sea pebbles on one of the typical urban beaches. The scientific laboratory of the Sirius educational center has highlighted in a more detailed study of the samples and obtaining images from a digital microscope.
Limestone
This sedimentary breed of a fine-grained, depending on the impurities, the stone can be pink, both white, and gray, sometimes - black, red or even yellowish. Massively applies in construction, chemical industry - from limestone receive lime, and in general it is a very useful material for agriculture, metallurgy and other industries.
Sandstone
Another sediment is more popular on the seaside, grainy and semplarified, is considered a frequent gold satellite. Due to impurities, it may be yellowish, brown, black and green. It is used mainly in construction. The largest sandstone field in Sochi is located in the village of Soloniki, career is being developed there.
Argillites and aurolithi
Breeds that belong to the intermediate link between clays and sandstones. Dense, layered, suitable for the manufacture of clay, which, by the way, is produced in Sochi, at the building materials plant. Argillites are gray. The aurolites can be gray, black, green and red.
Gravelit and Conglomerate
Sedimentary rocks from large, crafted clay or other materials of particles of various origin. Durable stones are used as a building material.
Roofing slate
The sedimentary, clay rock, which is easy to split into sufficiently durable and thin layers of 3 - 5 cm. In Sochi, a shale mine was worked in the headwaters for the production of natural tile - an environmentally friendly and reliable material.
Gneissa
Favorite stones of vacationers to create monumental inscriptions on Barnaul 2016 beaches or "Lucy + Ashot". This is a metamorphic rock formation formed from sandstones with an impact of silver particles of Muscovite or mica. It looks very pretty, used in construction, although it does not have such strength like granite.
Granits
Granites of various shades are often found on urban beaches. Ashore, Mzmitt and Shahe riverside them. This is a magmatic rock, consisting of quartz (up to 30%), field spatts, amphiboles and mica. Durable and durable material for the construction and facing of buildings, embankments and bridges.
Diorites and Andesites
Diorites and Andesites are magmatic rocks in which the quartz content is 10 - 15%. The rest of the mass is amphiboles, potassium field spatts and plagioclases. Suitable for construction purposes.
Gabbro and Basalt.
These breeds have a magmatic origin. They consist of pyroxen, to a lesser degree of amphiboles, plagallazes and field spares. Quartz in these breeds is absent. White inclusions in basalts are represented by zeolites.
Minerals are formed in many different environmental conditions inside the Earth. Most precious stones are formed in the earth kore - The upper layer of the planet depth from 3 to 25 miles. Only two varieties of precious stones - and form in the earth Mantlewhich represents 80% of the volume of land. Mantle, mainly consists of a molten breed called magma, with a solid top layer.
Although few of the precious stones are originally formed in the mantle, but all gems are mined in the earth's crust. The bark consists of three types of breeds known in geology as volcanic, metamorphic and sediment. These technical terms relate to the formation of rocks. Some precious stones are especially associated with one type of rock, while others with several types of breeds.
The volcanic process includes solidification of magma. Magma from the mantle can rise to the crust, usually through volcanic tubes. If it reaches the surface of the Earth, then hesitates in the form of lava. However, if the magmatic mass is slowly cooled in the crust, it can crystallize and form minerals. An increase in pressure can also force this pegmatoid fluid to penetrate the surrounding rocks, often with the implementation of chemical exchange with them. Long list of precious stones formed from volcanic rock includes a group , all (including, and), (, and), , and.
When the volcanic rock reaches the surface of the Earth, erosion forces and the atmospheric effect cause crushing into smaller chants, which accumulate on the surface or move by wind and water. Over time on Earth or under water, layers of such precipitation are formed. The pressure from the upper layers causes a seal in the lower layers together with various chemical and physical changes, such as a petition, which leads to the creation of a sedimentary rock. Evaporation is another process that produces sedimentary rocks, as in the case when the dripping of waters saturated with minerals forms stalactites or stalagmites. Precious stones associated with sedimentary rock include, and.
The presence of an intrusive magma in this zone (known as a contact metamorphism) or the interaction of larger-scale tectonic platforms (known as regional metamorphism) exposes volcanic and sedimentary rocks and minerals by heating or pressure, which can cause changes in their chemical and crystal structures. The result is the creation of a metamorphic breed. The precious stones associated with the metamorphic rock include
The museum, which, according to the number of collected exhibits, is significantly ahead of any of the museums of the world. In it, without any permission, you can touch the exhibits with your hands, photographed with them and even ... trample these exhibits with legs. If you want some particularly liked rarity from the museum with you, no one will tell you a word of reproach: the surrounding spend you sympathizing, an approving look.
The reader, of course, guessed that we are talking about our Sochi pebble beach - Unique in its filling and invariably causing the huge interest of visitors to the resort workers. This, of course, the Natural Historical and Geological Museum, in which each crossing - the exhibit is calibrated according to the desired size, smoothly sharpening and polished by sea waves, it is clean before showing the general public.
History of appearance sea pebble On our beach is interesting in itself. Numerous mountain rivers and robes of centuries were blocked by the layers and the thickness of the Caucasian mountains, carrying into the Black Sea, then a calm fast flow, then a raging thunderstorm stream of a variety of rocky brooms, boulders, plates. The sea, taking all this material in a partially crushed form, continued to grind and sort the size, rolling and grinding the "works" of the mountains that fell into his waves. Geologists These works are called rocky rocks, and the history of their appearance, which has many millions of years, is the most ancient and mysterious story of our Earth, the history of our region, captured so bright in the contemporas-exhibits of the Sochi Beach.
Seventy million years ago have grown, Caucasian Mountains have been formed. The growth of them was accompanied by a roar and roar, fiery rivers of the erupted lava. Most Caucasian tops of the central ridge are extinct volcanoes. And the pebbles brought to the beach very eloquently talk about the volcanicism raged here. Here pumice - Porous hygienic pebble - this is a frozen volcanic magma, far away, grabbed air and therefore very light. Here are "frozen" at the exit from the volcano tufy and basalt. - They are heavier pumice, but much easier than granite. Granite On the beach is the blurred roots of the mountains, the magma that froned inside the volcano.
Heavy granite - Pesticle stones are usually white, the egg-shaped form is the most famous representative of volcanic rocks. Thanks to the brilliance of the minerals evenly mixed in it (and we all know from school years that it is quartz, mica and field swap) due to their hardness and strength, it has become a stone of monuments, obelisk and monuments. However, hitting the pebble beach, the granite pebbles lost the monumental perspective, and its entire beauty is aimed at creating a good mood of resting by the sea to people.
Other magmatic breeds occurring under our feet - tufydifferent shades basalt. - Also widely used facing and building material. There are among the past breeds and semi-precious, decorative pebbles - porphyrites, senitians, chrysolites. You can add numerous quartzites - transparent and translucent pebbles, as well as durable flint-ChalacedonThe healing properties of which once spoke in our time, well-known healers. These minerals that are not related to rock rods, which means more ancient in their origin, also hit our beaches from Vulcanov.
Long before the Caucasian Mountains grew, the territory of all Sochi and the Krasnodar Territory was the seabed. In no case should be surprised, because long before the appearance on the Earth of a person the seabed was the whole territory of the current Russian Federation. In our places, land has repeatedly towered over the sea, the islands appeared, which were covered with tropical vegetation. It has long been proven that dinosaurs and other ancient animals sushi lived in our places. Then all this again absorbed the marine paunch, and on the seabed there was a continuous process of accumulating sedimentary rocks. When the mountains were raised, layers at the bottom of the sea came into motion. They also became mountains, lateral Caucasian ridges, and the breed accumulated in them also began to collapse with rivers and roll into the sea.
Predominant sedimentary rock sea pebble - this is sandstone. Mass sandstone pebbles are gray, tobacco color, brown, yellow - depending on the composition of the sand sedired at the bottom of the sea. Often sandstone is cut by white streaks, walking in different directions. It - hyeroglyphs. According to the theory of Dutch scientist F. Kunen, the calcite and other accommodation in the sandstone - the result of deposits into the sea of \u200b\u200bmudflows, carrying particles that are driving through the underwater canyons of the rocks destroyed after the earthquakes.
Many rocks as part sea pebble Capable to tell about maritime residents who lived in our places millions of years ago. Takov shelchik - The clams of the ancient ocean is easily viewed in its structure. And here limestoneand marl - Also organic origin, but we will not see the remnants of the sea organisms of the Jurassic of the Cenozoic era with the naked eye. For their detection, a microscope is needed, since these rocks were folded by sedated microorganisms - plankton - a mixture with chemical precipitation. Lovers and Mergeli - common stones of our pebble beaches. No wonder North-West Caucasus is called kingdom limestigov and mergel.
About the era of dinosaurs and pterodactile reminds and slanets - Soft sedimentary stone, consisting of a petrified meaber of the Jurassic. Finding into the sea, the slate is shortly in a state of alert - more solid beacons, driven by waves, quickly recycle it in the sand. But on land, it is easier to find it. Our, Sochisky slanets It is often called roofing - the mountaineers used this layered stone as a material for the roof of their homes.
The third group of rocks, which are part of the magmatic and sedimentary sea pebble - These are metamorphic or converted rocks. Among them are often found and semiprecious stoneswhich after jewelry processing acquire an attractive shine and beauty. Nature-alchemist is capable of converting some substances into others by changing their crystal structure. True, this process needs millions of years. During this time, high pressure and exposure to high temperatures limestone turns into marble, sandstone - in yashma etc. Frequently on our shores pebbles with metamorphism traces: half of the stone is typical gray sandstone, and the second half - yashmoid With a reddish tint.
Of course, using only this article, it is impossible to learn to distinguish between minerals and rocks, determine the time of their appearance and the natural processes associated with it. But read stonesAs an open book, everyone can learn. To do this, you need to work a little with special literature, directories-determinants. The task of our publication is to increase the interest of each reader to the treasures that are under our feet. Pearl in a broad sense is a wonderful, beautiful work of nature. Such pearls on our beaches are a fine number.
Finishing this brief overview, I would like to tell about stones with holes, often through and rather large diameter. As a rule, this is the work of the sea inhabitant, mollusk-Kamnechka or folax.. Rounding through the nature of the reactive apparatus given to it, processing the surface stone acid, this bivalve, similar to the Mollusk mussel, drills minks in soft rocks, most often in sandstoneAnd hides in them from predators. They say found on the beach of pebbles with a through hole brings happiness ...