Votte Herbert
David Livingston (Life of an African Explorer)
Herbert Wott
David Livingston
African explorer life
Short translation from German M.K. Fedorenko
candidates of geographical sciences M. B. Gornung and I. N. Oleinikov
More than thirty years spent the outstanding Scottish geographer David Livingston among the Africans, studied their customs and languages, lived their life. Having learned from childhood hard work and poverty, he became a passionate champion of social justice and humanism, an opponent of the slave trade, racism and cruelty of the colonialists.
Arriving in Africa as a missionary, Livingston, unlike most of his brothers, soon realized that communion locals to world civilization it is necessary to begin with material culture. The search for paths to the peoples of inner Africa led him to major geographical discoveries.
D. Livingston - Outstanding Traveler and Humanist of the 19th Century
FACTORY WORKER BECOMES DOCTOR AND MISSIONARY
Stubborn scotsman
In South Africa with a cowhide
Adventure with a lion
Christian slave hunters
Chief Cecele adopts Christianity
MISSIONARY BECOMES RESEARCHER-TRAVELER
Livingstone's first discovery of Lake Ngami
Great Leader Cebituane
Death to Cebituane
FROM CAPE TOWN TO ANGOLA
Boer attack on Kolobeng
Lions, elephants, buffalos, rhinos ...
Visiting macololo
Through unknown lands to the west coast
The edge of the earth!
FIRST EUROPEAN CROSSES AFRICA
The return of macololo
Mosi oa tunya - "thundering steam"
From Victoria Falls to the Indian Ocean
Sixteen years later, to his homeland
CELEBRITY
IN THE FIGHT AGAINST WORK
Bypassing the thresholds
Discovery of Nyasa Lake
Livingston kept his promise "Ma-Robert" is drowning
Livingston frees slaves
Slave Hunters on Lake Nyasa
1862 - the unfortunate year
Deep frustration and collapse of plans
"Captain" Livingston
PASSED AND NEW PLANS
SEARCHING FOR RIVERS
Bad choice
Bloody Trail of Slave Traders
"... As if I had just read the death sentence ..."
Discovery of Mveru and Bangweolo Lakes
Neal or Congo?
Nyangwe bloody massacre
"Dr. Livingston, I suppose?"
Last trip
Sushi and Plague
Burial at Westminster Abbey
Afterword
Notes
________________________________________________________________
David Livingston - Outstanding Traveler and Humanist of the 19th Century
It is characteristic of the fate of truly great people that their names will not fade over time. On the contrary, interest in them is growing, and not so much in their affairs, but in their life and personality. In 1983, 110 years have passed since the death of David Livingstone. In our time, interest in his personality flared up with renewed vigor, because right now there is the formation of an independent Africa and a reassessment of the history of the continent, which is associated with almost all of Livingstone's life.
Livingstone’s activities in Africa are meticulously recorded by himself in three books that make up the traveler’s invaluable literary heritage. In our country, interest in Livingston was always very great and his books were translated into Russian almost immediately after their release in England, and then repeatedly reprinted *.
* In 1857, Livingston's first book, Traveling South Africa from 1840 to 1856, was published in London, and already in 1862 a Russian translation appeared in Petersburg, re-released in 1868. In 1947 and 1955, this book was published in the USSR in a new translation. Two years after the publication in London of the next book of Livingston, written by him with his brother Charles, - "Journey through the Zambezi from 1858 to 1864." - in Russia in 1867 its translation appears, and in Soviet times it was reprinted twice in 1948 and 1956. The posthumous book, The Last Diaries of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 until His Death, prepared for publication by Horace Waller, was published in London in 1874. In 1876, a short retelling of this book was published in Russia, and in 1968 a complete translation of it was published, entitled "Last Journey to Central africa".
However, now we have practically no simple book designed for the widest readership about Livingston, whose life is an example of courage and perseverance in achieving a noble goal, an example of humanity and the fight against racial intolerance and oppression. Apart from Adamovich’s book, which was published in 1938 in the series “The Life of Wonderful People” and, in fact, has long become a bibliographic rarity, the Soviet reader has nowhere to learn about Livingston’s life, except for scanty encyclopedic articles and information about his biography and personality scattered in various scientific articles and books, or in the preface to the volumes of his diaries.
Herbert Wott's book on Livingston, published in the German Democratic Republic on the centenary of the death of a traveler and secondly published in Russian by The Thought Publishing House, fills this gap in our generally vast popular science literature about great travelers. In his assessments of the period of Livingstone's travels, that is, the era of the beginning of the colonial partition of Africa, Votte proceeds from the basic principles of Marxism-Leninism, occupying positions on other issues of African history that are common to scholars of socialist countries. The desire to popularize the presentation is characteristic of the entire content of Wott's book.
Biographical information about the life of Livingston before his move to Africa takes up relatively little space in the book, which is understandable. First, the main thing in Livingston's biography is his life and work in Africa. Secondly, the data on his early years of life is really stingy, but Votta collected almost everything known about this period of Livingston's life. On a few pages, the author was able to clearly show the beginning of the formation of the solid nature of the future brave traveler and researcher.
The rest of the book is based mainly on Livingston's own materials, set out, as in the books of the traveler himself, in chronological sequence, but in a peculiar literary manner, which is typical of successful biographical books. In the final chapters of the book, Votte uses the 1874 English newspaper reports about the funeral of Livingstone's remains at Westminster Abbey in London almost verbatim and includes sections on Livingston's African companions - Susie and Plague. They are justly said very warmly about them as people who accomplished a feat by transferring the ashes of a great traveler from the depths of Africa to the ocean.
Talking in detail about the life of Livingston, Wotta quite naturally did not set himself the goal of analyzing the scientific significance of his specific geographical discoveries, in particular in connection with the general picture of the state of geographical exploration of Africa in the 19th century, although he touches on these issues. It seems, nevertheless, that it is useful to do this at least briefly in this preface in order to emphasize the importance of Livingstone in world science as a researcher, and not just as a traveler, especially since in the history of the study of Africa the middle and beginning of the second half of the 19th century are usually called the “Livingstone period” "study of Africa.
By this time, in the north of Africa, a truly “white spot” on the map remained only the internal, very poorly populated areas of the world's largest desert - the Sahara. In the west of the continent, the most important geographical problem of the region has already been solved - the course of the Niger River along its entire vast extent has been determined. However, south of the equator, most of Africa remained a “white spot” on the map of the continent. The source of the Nile, the configuration of the great lakes of East Africa, the upper course of the Congo River, the hydrographic network of the Zambezi basin, and many other problems of the geography of this part of Africa, which then provoked heated discussions among European scientists, were a mystery to science.
The "Livingstone period" of the history of African exploration, which spanned about three decades, is scientifically characterized in that almost all of the unclear questions, the answers to which served as the basis for the compilation of a modern map of Central Africa south of the equator, were then resolved. This happened due to the travels of Livingstone itself or research, one way or another connected with the scientific activity of Livingston, with his discoveries or with the geographical guesses expressed by him.
During his travels, Livingston not only “deciphered” the complex pattern of the hydrographic network of the “white spot” in the center and in the south of Africa, but also for the first time told the world many details about the nature of this territory. After the first big trip, which covered the Zambezi basin, he made the most important conclusion for science that inland Africa is not a system of mythical uplands, as was assumed for a long time, but a huge plateau with elevated edges falling steeply to the coast of the ocean. For the first time, the Zambezi River was mapped showing the places where the largest tributaries flow into it. The outlines of Lake Nyasa were established, about which Europeans had only vague ideas. In Zambezi, one of the largest waterfalls of the world.
History reference
David Livingston was born on March 19, 1813. At the end of his life, he received many scientific awards and titles, gave lectures. He had a chance to attend an audience with Queen Victoria. Young Livingston began his own path to scientific fame. He came from a poor Scottish family - there was no money for education. Already at ten years old, the boy was forced to start working at a weaving factory. But it was at this age that the future traveler began to manifest such character traits as obstinacy, determination and independence, which would save him more than once in the upcoming African missions. Livingston, combining work with education, learned ancient Greek and Latin languages, was able to understand mathematics enough high level. This knowledge and good oratorical abilities allowed me to enter the university and finish it safely.
At the age of 27, Livingston, already a certified physician, first went to Africa as a Christian missionary. Such expeditions were designed to find out the degree of likely Christianization of the indigenous people of the continent. Having a freedom-loving character, Livingston during all three of his long campaigns won the respect of the indigenous population, and in several cases, the leaders of the tribes simply saved his life.
The first mission lasted fifteen years. During this time, the traveler was able to reach places, for example, in the Kalahari desert, where before him there had never been a single European. During this protracted expedition, a huge linguistic, regional geographic material was collected. Sechele - the leader of one of the tribes - made the transition to Christianity, and in the future, thanks to this man, Livingston was able to protect himself from deadly malaria. And in one of the crossings, David, in a fight with a lion, seriously injured his arm, which after that practically became paralyzed.
Significance for the present
Numerous difficulties did not prevent Livingston from discovering several lakes, among which Dilolo. Its feature is the combination of two water basins - the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. For this discovery, Livingston was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society. But the traveler considered his main discovery to be Victoria Falls found by him and his companions at the end of 1855. Today, a monument to the discoverer is erected here.
Later there were two more long trips around Africa: one with the aim of exploring the lakes of the mainland, during the other they tried to find the source of the Nile. During his last mission, Livingston was ill several times, and in 1871 a fever made further travel impossible. The expedition did not give an answer to the question about the source of the Nile, although it collected extensive material, which later helped to find a clue. Several expeditions were sent to Africa to help Livingston, and one of them, led by journalist and colonialist Henry Morton Stanley, managed to find and cure the traveler in 1871. However, two years later, having contracted malaria, and undermined by many years of deprivation of health, David Livingston died. This happened on May 1, 1873, next to the Bangweulu lake discovered by him in the territory of modern Zambia.
Many tourists come to this and other countries of Central Africa today, and partly the merit of accessibility belongs to the great Scottish traveler. Ecotourism, safari tours to many national parks and, of course, sightseeing visits to Victoria Falls are spreading. African countries gained the independence that they believed in and for which Livingston fought. But these days they are experiencing a lot of economic difficulties, so tourism, including ethnographic trips to remote areas, brings good profit.
Conclusion
According to local customs, Livingston's heart was buried separately. This grave is today located in the town of Chitambo. The body, embalmed by Africans, made almost a year's journey to the UK and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
David Livingston - indefatigable Englishman, African travelerAfrica! The black continent, on the geography of which the Creator especially worked! Here are the greatest deserts, and highest mountainscovered with glaciers, and the famous Rift Valley, which split Africa from the Red Sea to Mozambique, and the craters of volcanoes, unlike their counterparts in other parts of the world, filled to the brim with not ashes of past frightening deeds, but with lush jungle, and finally the ancient Nile, bearing their waters from the great freshwater lake Victoria K The Mediterranean Sea today as well as during the time of Pharaoh Ramses ... In every country in Africa there is a miracle of nature!
It is characteristic of the fate of truly great people that their names will not fade over time. On the contrary, interest in them is growing, and not so much in their affairs, but in their life and personality.
How many can you name people who "made themselves"? Well, Lomonosov, this is understandable ... And also? Do you have difficulty? I want to tell you about the famous traveler David Livingston, a tireless explorer of Africa. 
The story of his life is very well known - one and a half centuries is not such a long time to blur its contours. The canonical embodiment of the Victorian spirit, which Dr. David is, is still easily absorbed by our consciousness, and we do not often wonder how strange this lanky figure must have seemed to the inhabitants of Kuruman, Mabotse, Kolobeng, Lignanti - his missionary outposts in Africa. He did not become a “European African”: his legendary commitment to the archetypal costume of an impeccable gentleman, even in situations where he cannot be called appropriate, is by no means an eccentricity, but a natural personality trait. But all the same, the changes were secretly taking place. A simply obsessed young man came from England to Africa. In Africa, he became an Erader, a symbol and driving force of dialogue - in all its forms. Kind and arrogant, truly useful and, in truth, destructive, everything that the European really got ahead of his Negro contemporary at that time, and everything that only seemed to be superior, all fit in the shape of Livingston. 
David Livingston is a Scottish missionary who dedicated his life to the study of Africa. He went down in history as a person who filled a lot of blank spots on the map of this continent, and as a tireless fighter with the slave trade, who enjoyed great love and respect from the local population.
"I will discover Africa or perish."
(Lingwinston)
Livingstone david
(March 19, 1813 - May 1, 1873)
Livingston devoted most of his life to Africa, having walked mainly on foot over 50 thousand km. He was the first to strongly advocate for the black people of Africa.
British physician, missionary, distinguished researcher in Africa
He investigated the lands of South and Central Africa, including the Zambezi River Basin and Lake Nyasa, discovered Victoria Falls, Shirva and Bangweulu Lakes, and the Lualaba River. Together with Henry Stanley explored Lake Tanganyika. During travels, Livingston determined the position of more than 1,000 points; he first pointed out the main features of the relief of South Africa, studied the system of the Zambezi river, laid the foundation for the scientific study of the large lakes Nyasa and Tanganyika.
The cities of Livingstone in Malawi and Livingston (Maramba) in Zambia, as well as waterfalls in the lower reaches of the Congo and mountains on the northeastern shore of Lake Nyasa, are named after him. Blantyre the largest city Malawi, with a population of over 600,000, was named after Livingston's hometown. 
The history of life
David Livingston was born into a very poor Scottish family and at the age of ten experienced a lot of what fell on the lot of Oliver Twist and other children from Dickens books. But even the hard work at the weaving mill for 14 hours a day could not stop David from attending college.
After receiving a medical and theological education, Livingston entered the service of the London Missionary Society, the leadership of which directed him as a doctor and missionary to South Africa. Since 1841, Livingston lived with a mission in the mountainous Kuruman area among the Bechuan. He quickly learned their language, belonging to the Bantu language family. This was very useful to him later on during his travels, since all Bantu languages \u200b\u200bare similar to each other, and Livingston was free to do without an interpreter.
In 1843, not far away, in the Mabotse Valley, Livingston, together with the native assistants, built a hut for the mission station. During a raid on the lions, which often devastated the surroundings of the village, a wounded beast attacked Livingston. Due to an incorrectly fused fracture, Livingston was hardly given shooting and swimming until the end of his life. It was through a fragmented shoulder joint that Livingston's body delivered to England was identified. 
Livingstone’s travel companion and work assistant was his wife Mary, the daughter of Robert Moffet, a local missionary and explorer in South Africa. The Livingston couple spent 7 years in the country of the Bechuan. During his travels, David combined the activities of a missionary with the study of nature in the northern regions of the Bechuan land. Listening carefully to the stories of the natives, Livingston became interested in Lake Ngami. To see him, in 1849 he crossed the Kalahari desert from south to north and described it as a very flat surface, cut by dry river beds and not as deserted as was commonly believed. Semi desert is a more suitable definition for Kalahari.
In August of that year, Livingston explored Lake Ngami. 
It turned out that this reservoir is a temporary lake, in the rainy season it is filled with the waters of the large Okavango River. In June 1851, Livingston proceeded to the north-east of the Okavango swamp through the territory infected with the tsetse fly, and for the first time reached the Linyanti River - the lower reaches of Quando, the right tributary of the Zambezi. In the large village of Seshek, he managed to establish good relations with the leader of the powerful tribe of the macololo and get help and support from him. 
In November 1853, Livingston began a water trip through the Zambezi. A flotilla of 33 boats, on which 160 Negroes of the Macololo tribe were located, moved up the rapids through a vast plain - a typical savannah of South Africa. As the thresholds were overcome, Livingston let the black sailors and warriors go home. By February 1854, when there were very few people left, the expedition climbed the river to the upper right tributary of the Shefumage. Walking along its valley to the watershed, Livingston saw that behind it all the streams flowed northward. These rivers were included in the Congo system. Turning west, the expedition reached the Atlantic Ocean near Luanda.
Having traced the short Bengo River to its headwaters, in October 1855, Livingingston walked to the upper section of the Zambezi and began to raft along the river. Passing Seszek, he discovered a magnificent waterfall 1.8 km wide.
When local natives led him to the waterfall and showed 546 million liters of water, which every minute crashing into the 100-meter deep, David Livingston was so shocked by what he saw that he immediately christened Queen Victoria's name.
In 1857, David Livingston wrote that in England no one can even imagine the beauty of this spectacle: “No one can imagine the beauty of a spectacle in comparison with anything seen in England. The eyes of a European have never seen such a thing before, but angels in their flight must have admired such a beautiful sight! ”
“Crawling with fear to the cliff, I looked down into a huge fissure that stretched from coast to coast of the wide Zambezi, and saw a stream thousands of yards wide down one hundred feet and then suddenly contracted in the space of fifteen to twenty yards ... I was witness the most wonderful sight in Africa! ” 
Statue of David Livingston on the Zambian side of Victoria Falls
This waterfall, named Victoria in honor of the Queen, is now known as one of the most powerful in the world. Here the waters of the Zambezi are overthrown from a ledge 120 m high and leave a rapid stream into a narrow and deep gorge. 
The waterfall, named Livingstone Victoria in honor of the British Queen, is a stunning sight: gigantic masses of water fall into a narrow gap in basaltic rocks. Breaking into a myriad of splashes, they form thick white clouds, illuminated by rainbows and emitting an incredible roar. 
A continuous veil of refreshing spray, an iridescent rainbow, a rainforest, constantly covered by a ghostly haze of fog. Delight and boundless surprise embrace anyone who has seen this miracle. Below the waterfall, the Zambezi flows through a narrow gorge with rocky shores. 
view of the Zambezi river
Gradually going down the river through a mountainous country with many rapids and waterfalls, May 20, 1856 Livingston went to the Indian Ocean at the port of Kelimane. So the crossing of the African mainland was completed.
In 1857, upon returning to his homeland, Livingston published the book Traveling and Researching a Missionary in South Africa, which in a short time was published in all European languages \u200b\u200band made the author famous. Geographical science replenished important information: tropical Central Africa south of the 8th parallel “turned out to be an elevated plateau, somewhat lower in the center, and with crevices along the edges along which the rivers run to the sea ... The place of the legendary hot zone and burning sands was replaced by a well-irrigated area, reminiscent of North America with its freshwater lakes and with its hot, humid valleys, jungle, ghats (elevated edges) and cool high plateaus of India. ” 
Wild Africa discovered by an English explorer
For the one and a half decades lived in South Africa, Livingston fell in love with local people and became friends with them. He treated his guides, porters, rowers as equals, was frank and friendly with them. The Africans answered him in full reciprocity. Livingston hated slavery and believed that the peoples of Africa could achieve liberation and independence. The British authorities took advantage of the high reputation of the traveler with the blacks and offered him the post of consul in Keliman. Accepting the offer, Livingston refused missionary work and came to grips with research work. In addition, he contributed to the penetration of English capital into Africa, regarding it as progress. 
But the traveler was attracted by new routes. In May 1858, Livingston arrived in East Africa with his wife, young son and brother Charles. In early 1859, he explored the lower reaches of the Zambezi River and its northern tributary, the Shire. Several thresholds and the Murchison Falls were opened to them. 
In the spring, Livingston discovered and described Lake Shirva in the basin of this river. In September, he surveyed south coast Lake Nyasa and, after making a series of measurements of its depth, obtained values \u200b\u200bof more than 200 m (modern data bring this value to 706 m). In September 1861, Livingston again returned to the lake and, along with his brother, advanced along west bank more than 1200 km to the north. Further, it was not possible to penetrate due to the hostility of the natives and the approach of the rainy season. Based on the survey results, Livingston compiled the first map of Nyasa, on which the reservoir stretched almost 400 km along the meridian (according to modern data - 580 km). 
Cape Macleer on Lake Nyasa, which David Livingston discovered and named after his friend, the astronomer Thomas Macleer.
Livingstone suffered a heavy loss on this journey: on April 27, 1862, his wife and faithful companion Mary Moffet-Livingston died from tropical malaria. The Livingston brothers continued the journey. At the end of 1863, it turned out that the steep banks of Lake Nyasa were not mountains, but only the edges of high plateaus. Further, the brothers continued the discovery and study of the East African fault zone, i.e., the giant meridional system of fault basins. In England, in 1865, the book "The Story about the Expedition to the Zambezi and its tributaries and the discovery of the lakes Shirva and Nyasa in 1858-1864."
Nyasa Lake 
When David Livingston, during his next expedition to Africa, discovered Lake Malawi, he asked local fishermen about the name of this impressive reservoir. To which they answered him - Nyasa. Livingston just called this lake, unaware that the word "Nyasa" in the language of local residents and means "lake". Lake Malawi (as it is called today) or Lake Nyasa (as it continues to be called in Tanzania and Mozambique to this day) plays a very important role in the life of Africans. Several tens of thousands of tons of fish are caught here annually. 
The ninth largest in the world, Lake Malawi is about 600 km long and up to 80 km wide. The maximum depth is 700 meters, the height above sea level is 472 meters, the surface area of \u200b\u200bthe water is approximately 31,000 square meters. km On the water area of \u200b\u200bthe lake are the state borders of the three countries. The bulk of the lake and coastline (western and southern) belong to the state of Malawi, the northeastern belongs to Tanzania, and a relatively large part of the east coast is under the jurisdiction of Mozambique. The two most large islands, Likoma and Chizumulu, as well as the reef of Taiwan, are located in the waters of Mozambique, but belong to the state of Malawi. 
Lake Nyasa, one of the deepest lakes in the world
In 1866, Livingston, having landed on the eastern shore of the continent opposite the island of Zanzibar, walked south to the mouth of the Ruvuma River, and then, turning west and rising to its upper reaches, went to Nyasa. This time the traveler went around the lake from the south and west. For 1867 and 1868, he examined in detail the southern and western shores of Tanganyika. 
Traveling through tropical Africa is always fraught with dangerous infections. Livingston also did not escape them. For many years, suffering from malaria, he weakened and was so thin that he could not even be called a "walking skeleton," because he could no longer walk and only walked on a stretcher. But the stubborn Scot continued research. To the south-west of Tanganyika, he discovered Lake Bangweulu, whose area periodically varies from 4 to 15 thousand square meters. km, and the river Lualaba. Trying to find out whether it belongs to the Nile or Congo system, he could only assume that it might be part of the Congo.
In October 1871, Livingston stopped for rest and treatment in the village of Ujiji on the east coast of Tanganyika. 
At this time, Europe and America were worried about the absence of any news from him. The journalist Henry Stanley went in search of. He accidentally found Livingstone in Ujiji, and then they together went around the northern part of Tanganyika, finally making sure that the Nile did not flow out of Tanganyika, as many thought. 
Stanley called Livingstone with him to Europe, but he limited himself to transmitting diaries and other materials with a journalist to London. He wanted to finish the exploration of Lualaba and again went to the river. On the way, Livingston stopped in the village of Chitambo, and on the morning of May 1, 1873, the servants found him dead on the floor of the hut. The Africans, who adored the white defender, embalmed his body and carried the remains on a stretcher to the sea, covering almost 1,500 km. The great Scot was buried in Westminster Abbey. In 1874, his diaries, entitled "The Last Journey of David Livingston," were published in London. 
To a young man who is pondering life, deciding whether to make life with anyone, I will say without hesitation - do it with David Livingstone!
“All the time I am in doubt and concern about the sources of the Nile. I have too many reasons to feel insecure. The great Lualaba may turn out to be the Congo River, and the Nile will eventually be a shorter river. Sources flow north and south, and this seems to speak in favor of the fact that Lualaba is the Nile, but a strong deviation to the west speaks in favor of the fact that it is Congo "(Recent Diaries of David Livingstone. Record May 31, 1872) .
In 1856, the British John Speke and Richard Burton went from the east coast of Africa into the interior of the mainland in search of the origins of the Nile. In February 1858, they were the first of the Europeans to reach the huge elongated Lake Tanganyika, one of the deepest in the world. Speke did not calm down on this and went on. He discovered even more large lakeVictoria. Four years later, Speke visited here again and discovered that the White Nile originates from the northern part of the lake. However, many scientists and travelers, primarily Burton, doubted Speke was right. When the latter shot himself, everyone decided that Burton's suspicions were not unfounded.
So, in the 1860s. the question was still open. Such an authoritative researcher as Livingston did not rule out that the great river begins much south of Lake Victoria. He was going to solve this problem at any cost, but finding funds for a new expedition after the failure of the previous one was extremely difficult. It was not possible to sell Lady Nyasa profitably to Livingstone, besides, the small proceeds were lost due to the bankruptcy of the bank, and the fee from the new book turned out to be small. And yet, having received a subsidy from the Royal Geographical Society, as well as donations from private individuals, Livingston left England in August 1865. Just before leaving, he heard news of the death of his son Robert, who fought in America on the side of the northerners ...
At the end of January 1866, the traveler landed at the mouth of the Ruvuma and in April moved deep into the mainland. He circled Lake Nyasa from the south, in December crossed the wide Luangwa, as well as Chambeshi, and finally, in early April 1867, he went to the shores of Tanganyika. Livingston was already a man in years of misfortune recent years and a huge overstrain, coupled with all kinds of African ailments, thoroughly undermined his once strong body. He felt worse and worse. But at the end of 1867, the traveler managed to reach Lake Mweru, and in July next year to open another, Bangweul.
Having examined the west coast of Tanganyika, in March 1869 Livingston crossed the lake and arrived in the village of Ujiji, the center for the sale of ivory and slaves. Here he had to spend some time among the Arab slave traders, by the way, several times helping him out. No matter how disgusting his soul was such a society, there was no choice. Sick and exhausted, Livingston needed rest and serious treatment. His hatred of the slave trade and his determination to fight this terrible evil only grew stronger. Once in a village he witnessed the reprisal of slave traders over Africans. At the local market, where a lot of blacks gathered from the surrounding villages, several people suddenly opened fire on the crowd. Dozens were shot and hundreds drowned in the river, trying to escape. And Livingston could not do anything. The only thing that was in his power was to send a message about the execution to England, after which the British government demanded that the Zanzibar Sultan cancel the slave trade, but everything continued as before.
Having recovered slightly, Livingston continued his research west of Tanganyika. In 1871 he went to the huge - even in the upper reaches - Lualaba, which goes north. Livingston believed that this river was the beginning of the Nile. His illnesses worsened, sometimes he couldn’t walk on his own, and then his permanent assistants, the Susi and Plague Africans, carried him on a stretcher. I had to return to Ujiji again. Livingston could no longer walk; the situation seemed hopeless. And then ... "Doctor Livingstone, I presume?" ("Dr. Livingstone, I suppose?") - This phrase has become famous. In these words, more appropriate somewhere at a social gathering, I greeted the great traveler, barely standing on his feet, almost toothless and emaciated to the limit, a young tanned American who arrived at the head of a huge caravan and armed to the teeth. The Savior — his name was Henry Stanley — brought provisions, medicine, bales of various goods, dishes, tents, and more. Livingston wrote: "This luxuriously equipped traveler will not fall into a position like me, not knowing what to do."
Who was he, this Stanley? An American journalist, an employee of the New York Herald, who, on instructions from Bennett’s editor-in-chief, went to Africa to track down Livingston. He was born in 1841 in Wales, and then his name was John Rowlands. Mother gave the boy to the workhouse, and at age 15 he fled to the United States, where he fell into the service of a merchant named Stanley. The proprietor and clever young man pleased the owner. He adopted him, and the young man took a new name, Henry Morton Stanley. When the southerners 'war with the northerners began, Henry fought on the southerners' side, was captured and switched to the other side, and then deserted and worked a lot where he was until he became a journalist. He gained popularity by reporting on the British operations in Abyssinia. When Bennett needed a man who could find the famous traveler who was missing in Africa, he chose Stanley, who could write smartly and, when it was beneficial, go ahead.
What is there to say! He really saved Livingston, his appearance in September 1871 inspired the traveler with new strength. When the Scot got better, he went with Stanley to explore the northern part of Tanganyika. Then they moved east, to Unyamwezi.
The journalist persuaded Livingston to sail with him to England, but the latter rejected this proposal, since he had not yet completed the tasks. In March 1872, Livingston handed Stanley his diary and all the papers, and he departed for the ocean. A little later, a detachment sent by Stanley appeared in Uniamwezi, consisting of several dozen conductors.
In August, Livingston headed south on the coast of Tanganyika to Lake Bangweulu. He was about to go to the western shore of the lake to determine if he had a drain. During the trip, his illness worsened, Susi and Plague had to carry him again on a stretcher.
On April 29, 1873, they reached the village of Chitambo on the lake. Two days earlier, the traveler left the last entry in his diary: “I’m quite tired ... I’m staying to recover ...”. Early in the morning of May 1, his servants discovered that Livingston was kneeling by his bedside. They decided that he was praying, but it was not prayer, but death.
Susi and Plague decided to transfer the body of the deceased to the English authorities. The traveler’s heart was buried in Chitambo, under a large tree (there is now a monument), and the body is embalmed. It took nine months to deliver it to Zanzibar. From there it was sent by ship to Aden and through the Suez Canal, built in 1869, to England. Sushi and the Plague kept the deceased's papers, tools, and equipment. In April 1874, Livingston was buried with honors in Westminster Abbey. Above his grave there is a marble plaque with the inscription: "Carried by faithful hands across land and sea, David Livingstone, missionary, traveler and friend of mankind, rests here."
But what about Stanley? Returning, he published a series of articles about his voyage to Africa and the miraculous salvation of a famous traveler. Soon a book came out with a resounding title, “How I Found Livingstone,” which was tremendously successful. Of course, Stanley basked in the rays of Livingston's glory, but it is hardly reasonable to blame him for this: he had a task, and he coped brilliantly with it.
In 1874, Stanley decided to complete the missionary's research and find out where the Nile begins. The expedition was equipped with money from the New York Herald and the Daily Telegraph. In November, she left Zanzibar, and a huge caravan left Lake Bahamoyo (in modern Tanzania) to Lake Victoria. The detachment reached the largest African pond and confirmed the correctness of the unfairly accused Speke: Neil really starts from Victoria. Then Stanley examined Lake Tanganyika. He tried to move as quickly as possible and did not spare people, did not care about rest and the adequacy of the diet. At the slightest threat from the local tribes, Stanley opened fire without wasting time in negotiations. The caravan, already thoroughly thinned out from Tanganyika - many escaped, some died from illnesses or died in clashes - headed west to Lualaba. When he reached the river, Stanley entered into an agreement with the largest local slave trader, having bought from him for a round sum the right to go through his possessions, and at the same time new guides and porters.
Going down Lualaba on the ship, then on the coast, going around rapids and waterfalls, often engaging with local tribes, Stanley reached the equator, where the river changes direction from north to northwest, and then to the place where it turns west. Here, Lualaba is already becoming the great Congo River, along which Stanley descended to the Atlantic Ocean. So he managed to prove the fallacy of Livingston's assumptions. The entire journey from Zanzibar to Boma (in the Congo estuary) took 999 days. Almost symbolic. During this period, Stanley was able to achieve almost more than Livingston for more than 20 years. Soon, passing to the service of the Belgian king, Stanley with several hundred daredevils conquered for him a huge territory of the Congo Basin. Is it wise to blame him for this? He had a task, and he again brilliantly dealt with it. It was not his fault that he was not like Livingstone. It is the merit of Livingston that he was not like Stanley and the vast majority of others. As it turned out - at the same time and trouble.
FIGURES AND FACTS
main characters
David Livingston; Henry Stanley, journalist and traveler
Other characters
Sushi and the Plague, Livingstone's aides
Time of action
Routes
To the lakes of Tanganyika, Mveru and Bangweul, to Lualaba, again to Tanganyika and then to Bangweul (Livingston); to Lake Victoria, to Tanganyika, along Lualaba Congo to the ocean (Stanley)
David Livingston
Livingstone David (1813-1873), Researcher Of Africa . He made a number of long trips to South and Central Africa (since 1840). Explored the hollow of Kalahari, r. Kubango, river basin Zambezi, Lake Nyasa, opened Victoria Falls, Lake. Shirva, Bangweulu and r. Lualaba, along with G. Stanley Explored Lake Tanganyika.
Livingston David, David (1813–1873), a Scottish explorer of Africa, a national hero of Great Britain, a staunch opponent of the slave trade. The London Missionary Society in 1840 sent him to the South. Africa In 1841–52 he established that the Kalahari semi-desert has a flat surface. In 1849, it first reached the delta of the river. Okavango and Lake Ngami. In 1853–54 the first to get acquainted with the watershed between the upper reaches of the Zambezi and Kasai (Congo system). In 1855, he discovered Victoria Falls (August), traced the Zambezi course to the delta, and completed crossing the mainland near the town of Kelimane (May 1856); awarded the gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society. In 1859, he opened the river. Shire (northern tributary of the Zambezi), Murchison Falls and Lake Shirva, completed the discovery of Lake. Nyasa composed his first map (1860–61). In 1866–71 surveyed south. and app. the shores of the lakes of Tanganyika, Mveru, opened the lake. Bangweulu and r. Lualaba (Upper Congo). Severely ill, went east. the coast of the lake. Tanganyika and stopped at Ujiji, where in October 1871 G. Stanley found him. Together they examined sowing. part of the lake Tanganyika and made sure that it is not connected with the Nile. In February 1872, Livingston handed over to Stanley his materials, in August he moved to the river. Lualaba, but death impeded the realization of his intentions. In the wanderings of the South. Africa he determined the position of more than 1000 points; the first found out that it is an elevated plateau with a deflection in the center, studied the system of the river. Zambezi, became the first explorer of the Nyasa and Tanganyika lakes. Mountains and a ridge in the South are named after him. Africa, waterfalls on the river. Congo (Democratic Republic of Congo), a reservoir on the river. Three-strands (USA) and 16 of us. points.
Modern illustrated encyclopedia. Geography. Rosman-Press, M., 2006.
Livingstone (Livingstone), David (19.III.1813 - I. V. 1873) - English traveler, explorer of Africa. Beginning in 1840, he made several long trips to South and Central Africa, where he conducted geographical, natural-historical, and ethnographic studies. In 1849 he crossed the Kalahari desert and discovered Lake Ngami. In the following years, he examined the Zambezi river basin and reached the city of Luanda on the west coast of Africa, opened Victoria Falls in 1855, and then went to the east coast of the mainland. In 1859, he discovered Lake Shirva and Nyasa, in 1867 - Lake Mveru, and in 1868 - Lake Bangweolo and explored the area of \u200b\u200bLake Tanganyika. Livingston strongly condemned slavery. Due to its humanity, courage and medical activity, knowledge of local languages \u200b\u200band customs, Livingston was very popular among the African peoples who assisted him in his travels. The results of Livingstone's discoveries were used by the British colonialists, who, following his travels, penetrated into inner Africa.
Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 8, COSHALA - MALTA. 1965.
Works: Travels and studies in South Africa from 1840 to 1855, trans. from English., M., 1956; Journey through the Zambezi from 1858 to 1864, trans. from English., (3rd ed.), M., 1956 (shared with Livingston Ch.).
References: Koropchevsky D. A., D. Livingston. His life, travels and geographical discoveries, St. Petersburg, 1891; Adamovich M., Livingston, M., 1939; Simmons J., Livingstone and Africa, N. Y., 1960.
LIVINGSTON, DAVID (Livingstone, David) (1813–1873), Scottish missionary and explorer of Africa. Born in Blantyre (in the vicinity of Glasgow) March 19, 1813. From the age of ten he worked in a textile factory. At 23, he graduated from Anderson College, and then the University of Glasgow, having received a medical degree. He turned to the London Missionary Society, which sent him to South Africa. In 1840, Livingston settled in Kuruman (modern South Africa) and created a base for missionary activity there. In 1843 he passed approx. 640 km to Mabots, in 1849 explored the north-eastern outskirts of the Kalahari desert to the Zuga River. From there I reached the northeastern end of Lake. Ngami. In 1851 he reached the Zambesi River in Seshek. He walked along the edge of the Kalahari desert and reached the Lignanti River (a tributary of the Zambezi) in the Caprivi region. In 1853 he reached Sesheke and climbed the Zambesi River to the confluence of the Kabompo River. Then in Luanda (modern Angola) went to the western coast of Africa, crossed the mainland in the latitudinal direction and went to its eastern coast in Keliman (modern Mozambique). Following the Zambesi River, in 1855 it reached Victoria Falls. Livingstone was enthusiastically greeted in England in 1856, and in 1858 appointed consul in Keliman. He explored the rivers Zambezi, Shire and Ruvuma, as well as lakes Chilva and Nyasa. In 1865 he led an expedition to study the watershed in Central Africa, trying to find the origins of the Nile. Visited the lakes of Mveru and Bangweulu. During this expedition, Livingston fell ill with a fever and was rescued by the journalist G.M. Stanley, who found him on November 3, 1871 in the village of Ujiji on the shore of Lake Tanganyika. During the last attempt to find the source of the Nile, he fell ill and died in the village of Chitambo on the shore of Lake Bangweulu on April 30, 1873. His heart was buried in Ilal, and the remains were taken to Zanzibar, from there they were transported to London and buried in Westminster Abbey. Among Livingston's books are Travels and Researches of a Missionary in South Africa (Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa, 1857) and Description of an Expedition on the Zambezi River and Its Tributaries (Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries, 1865).
The materials of the encyclopedia "The World Around Us" are used.
Livingston David made a number of trips to South and Central Africa. He explored the Kalahari Depression, the Kubango River, the Zambezi River Basin, Lake Nyasa, discovered Victoria Falls, Lake Shirva, Bangweulu and the Lualaba River; together with G. Stanley investigated Lake Tanganyika.
David Livingston was born March 19, 1813 in the family of a street tea vendor. After graduating from a village school, from the age of ten he worked at a weaving factory. With a fourteen-hour working day, he studied a Latin textbook and studied at evening school. At nineteen, he had a dream of becoming a missionary, and a scholarship from the London Missionary Society enabled him to complete his education. He soon met missionary Robert Moffet, who worked in South Africa. Fascinated by his stories, Livingston left for Cape Colony in 1840. During the voyage, the ship's captain taught him how to determine the coordinates of various points on the Earth. Later on topographic surveys of Livingston were compiled top cards South African.
In July 1841, he reached Moffet’s mission in Kuruman, located on the banks of the eponymous river south of the Kalahari desert. Livingston spent seven years in the country of the Bechuan, traveling for the organization of mission stations. He had the idea to study all the rivers of South Africa in order to find natural passages inland, to bring there the ideas of the gospel and to establish equal trade. Livingstone went down in Africa's discovery history as a "River seeker."
In 1849, Livingston, hearing from the Africans about the "beautiful and vast" Lake Ngami, crossed the Kalahari desert from south to north. He first established the landscape character of this area, which Europeans considered a desert. Measurements of heights convinced Livingston that the Kalahari has a cup shape. Lake Ngami, discovered by livingstone August 1, 1849, turned out to be a temporary lake, feeding during the rainy period, the waters of the great Okavango River.
The journey of 1851 led Livingstone to the Zambezi - "a matter of great importance, because they did not know about the existence of this river in Central Africa. All Portuguese maps represent it rising east away from where we were now." Despite the dry season, the river reached 300-600 meters wide and was quite deep. Its level in the rainy season rose by six meters, and water flooded the space for twenty English miles. Perhaps this mighty stream is a tributary of the Nile, or does it carry its waters towards Congo? At the end of May 1853, the Englishman arrived in Lignanti, the capital of Macololo, where he was received by the new leader, Sceletus. Livingston developed an expedition plan, the decision to organize which was made at the general assembly of macololo. Its goal was to establish direct trade links between the country of macololo and the Atlantic coast.
On November 11, 1853, Livingston began sailing up the Zambezi. The expedition route ran from the southern regions of today's Zambia to Luanda in Angola. At the beginning of 1854 they reached the empire of Lund. By February 1854, Livingston climbed the river to its upper right tributary, Shefumage, and along its valley passed to the watershed, beyond which all streams flowed not in the south direction, as before, but in the north. (Later it turned out that these were the rivers of the Congo system.) At the end of May 1854, the detachment reached the Atlantic Ocean near Luanda. But Livingston does not leave the thought to penetrate the east coast. Perhaps in this direction Zambezi is navigable all over? His intention was supported by the Portuguese authorities and the clergy - all were interested in exploring the areas between Angola and Mozambique.
The expedition, whose goal was to trace the course of the Zambezi to the Indian Ocean, was made possible thanks to the help of Sekelet. The leader of the African tribe financed the European continent’s crossing and personally conducted an expedition to the 120-meter waterfall in Zambezi, which was called “Mozi-oa-tunya” - “Roaring smoke” (“Steam makes noise”). Livingston saw him as the first of the Europeans. Victoria Falls, named after the Queen of England, with a width of 1.8 kilometers, is one of the most powerful in the world. In March 1856, they reached Tete, the first outpost of European civilization. The expedition refused to further explore the main channel of the Zambezi, which was already mapped, and on May 20, 1856, with the northern arm reached the Indian Ocean, completing the journey in the coastal town of Keliman (a port north of Zambezi). Thus, for the first time a European crossed the African continent.
Returning to his homeland, Livingston in 1857 published a book glorifying him - "Travel and Research of the Missionary in South Africa." In it, he concluded: tropical Central Africa south of the parallel "turned out to be an elevated plateau, somewhat lower in the center, and with crevices along the edges along which the rivers run to the sea ... The well-irrigated area took the place of the legendary hot zone and burning sands, reminiscent of North America with its freshwater lakes, and India with its hot moist valleys, jungle, ghats (elevated edges) and cool high plateaus. "
The Royal Geographical Society awarded him a gold medal, and the government instructed him to study the deepest areas of the continent, establish contacts with local rulers and persuade them to grow cotton. In May 1858, Livingston returned to Zambezi by the British consul in Mozambique. His goal was to prove that Liambier and Zambezi are the same river. With the support of the British Government of Livingston in 1858-1864. made a trip.
The geographic results of the expedition were great. Livingston recorded previously unobserved sections of the Zambezi Current and proved that it was a river in the upper reaches known as Liambier. On the map were updated information about Lake Nyasa and the Shire River, Lake Shirve, the lower reaches of the Ruvuma.
In 1865, Livingston published the book "The Story of an Expedition to the Zambezi and its tributaries and the discovery of the lakes Shirva and Nyasa in 1858 - 1864."
Since January 1866, when Livingston again set foot on African land, he made several more trips.
On April 1, 1867, he reached the south coast of Tanganyika (the local name is Llemba). The 650-kilometer-long lake with azure-colored water is part of the Central African Volcanic Fault, which includes Nyasa, Kivu, Eduard and Mobutu Sese-Seko lakes. Over the lake on the then maps of Africa began extensive "white spots".
On November 8, 1867, Livingston discovered Lake Mveru with many islands, and July 18, 1868, south of Tanganyika - Lake Bangweulu (Bangweolo).
He visited northwest coast Bangweulu and made a short trip on it on a cake, but could not see the whole lake: on his map it is larger than it actually is.
At the end of March 1871, Livingston went to Lualaba at the trading village of Nyangwe. The large amount of Lualaba proved that Livingston opened one of the largest hydrographic arteries in Central America. He did not imagine which system - the Nile or Congo - belongs to this big river. The researcher found only that the stream moves north and is located at an altitude of about 600 meters. This hypsometric position of Lualaba made him think that it was a river of the Congo system. Scientists were not yet convinced that Lake Victoria, discovered by John Speke, was indeed the source of the Nile. But Livingston was right in some ways: the Luapula River (Lovois), flowing near Lake Bangweulu, and Lualaba belong to the basin of the upper reaches of the Congo.
In Europe and America for several years they had not heard from him. An expedition led by Stanley set off in search of Livingston and found him in Ugiji.
At the end of 1871, the already seriously ill Livingston examined the northern part of Tanganyika and made sure that the lake was not the source of the Nile, as was previously assumed. He refused to return with Stanley to Europe, because he wanted to finish Lualaba's research. Through Stanley, he sent diaries and other materials to London.
In 1873, he again went to Lualaba and stopped on the road in the village of Chitambo, south of Lake Bangweulu. On the morning of May 1, 1873, Livingstone's servants found him dead. They buried his heart in the vicinity of Lake Bangweulu, the body was treated with salt and exposed to the sun. For nine months, they carried Livingstone's body to the coastal city of Bahamoyo, covering about 1,500 kilometers.
From Zanzibar he was taken to London and buried in Westminster Abbey - the tomb of the kings and prominent people of England. His diaries, entitled "The Last Journey of David Livingston," were published in London in 1874.
Used materials from the site http://100top.ru/encyclopedia/
Read on:
Historical persons of England (Great Britain) (curriculum vitae).
Works:
Livingston D. Travel and exploration in South Africa from 1840 to 1855. M., 1955
Livingston D., Livingston C. Journey through the Zambezi from 1858 to 1864. M., 1956
Livingston D. Last Journey to Central Africa. M., 1968
Literature:
Wottte G. David Livingston: The Life of an African Explorer. M., 1984
Koropchevsky D. A., D. Livingston. His life, travels and geographical discoveries, St. Petersburg, 1891;
Adamovich M., Livingston, M., 1939;
Simmons J., Livingstone and Africa, N. Y., 1960.