Those who have already gone hiking themselves are well aware of what it is and how cool it is. This article is aimed at people who decide to travel with a backpack in the wild for the first time. Often their expectations are far from reality, so I will try to bring them closer and, at least, remove the extremes.
So, what is a hike? In your own words, a hike is a journey of a group of like-thinking people with backpacks in the wild. Everything rushes on itself, sleeps in a tent, food is prepared at the stake by those on duty. An average of 5 to 15 km is traveled per day through extremely beautiful and picturesque places. I must say that the article does not affect sports trips, but focuses on small hiking trips in the Crimea. In a separate article, you can read in more detail how the summer hikes go.
Why go camping? Each has its own reason: someone wants to enjoy the beauties of nature, someone wants to test themselves, someone to escape from the bustle of cities, and someone just wants something new. However, not so long ago I conducted a survey. Why should I go camping? , read, not a few people responded and unsubscribed, I personally was very interested.
Who goes camping? Yes, people like you! They, too, are tired of going to work, they want rest, diversity, new experiences and acquaintances. The group includes more experienced tourists and complete beginners. It is the latter that have the most fears and questions. Especially in women. And I understand them perfectly! You decided on a hitherto unknown adventure, and it is always tremblingly exciting, a little scary and very interesting! But back to the promised myths:
Myth # 1 - Trekking is an Easy Walk - It’s the same as going out to the park - no straining. This myth mainly refers to the male half of the population. They are usually too confident in their abilities and often do not give a damn about preparing for the campaign, for which extra liters of sweat are paid on the route. Understand that it will be hard on a hike; you need to go downhill with a large backpack, which requires some physical preparation and willpower. And then downhill from this mountain, which is even harder, as more load goes to the knees. And the sun does not always shine, sometimes it rains. And sometimes it "sometimes" turns into "almost constantly." It happens hard, cold, hot, wet .. Anything can happen. And you need to be prepared for this, both physically and mentally.
Myth # 2 - I Can't, it's too hard, superman people go camping and in general I'm too weak! - Thousands of such questions and doubts swarm in the heads of the beautiful half of humanity. Yes, for your body the load will be new and it will be hard, as already mentioned above. But all our routes are focused on ordinary people, they were passed by small children and people of more than considerable age. Cope and you, do not hesitate! Belief in yourself and willpower are just as important as your physical form. Whether you doubt yourself or not, in any case, preparation for a trip will strengthen your body and help you get even more pleasure from traveling.
Myth No. 4 - I go myself (a), I will not make friends with anyone ..well, this is possible if you yourself are an inveterate sociophobe, a bastard and a malicious bore. But such people do not go camping, why do they need it? People with an open heart and soul who are looking for new experiences and acquaintances go to the mountains. I would say that a hike is one of the best places to find new friends. Together you climbed the peaks, overcame obstacles, helped each other, and this bonds the bonds of friendship much more than liters of beer drunk in a tavern .. Are there few friends? Go camping!
Myth number 5 - Not tasty food. Yes, I do not eat at home as much as on a hike! At the stake everything turns out to be extremely tasty, do not doubt it. Usually we cook twice a day on a fire or burners, one snack. If you are a vegetarian, then you should not worry too much. The meat (canned food, sausage) is thrown last, you can always pour yourself a portion before that. If you are allergic to any of the products, be sure to write to us about it, we will try to adjust the menu. But, if this is the main product (rice, buckwheat ..), it cannot be completely excluded from the menu, take a few additional products with you, after consulting with the instructor. We read in more detail in a separate article: food on the campaign.
Myth number 6 - All tourists are dirty! Yes, hygiene at home is difficult to achieve, but almost always there is a small rivulet or pond where you can wash yourself. So you don’t have to walk and scare wild animals with your smell. You can read more about hygiene in the campaign.
Myth number 8 - A bunch of terrible creatures. This wildlife and animals here are many times more than in the city. All sorts of small spiders and bugs will come across very often. But they are not scary and do not bite. Meeting with those who are biting and dangerous is unlikely. Look under your feet, do not roll stones for no reason, always close the tent and the risk of meeting a large spider or a snake will be minimized. But the ticks remain, there is no escape from them. The best way to deal with them is to examine yourself and your comrades a couple of times a day. Much more common are not reptiles, but different butterflies)
In general, if you are afraid of something or have questions, you can always ask us \u003d)
What do we mean by the term "campaign"? We define this concept, which is most important for our subject. Hiking - this is a short trip (in most cases, from 1-2 to 15-20 days) with active means of transportation (walking, skiing, cycling, rowing vessels) along the entire route. Thus, a hike is just a special case (variety) of tourist trips, where tourists move along the route due to their muscle strength. Therefore, other types of travel, where tourists use any type of transport or animals (pack, riding) to travel along the route, strictly speaking, are not a “trip”.
How to classify hiking trips? As in the material of the previous lectures, we begin the classification with the most important foundation - the purpose of the campaign (Fig. 1). Hiking, according to your purposeare divided into hiking recreational (educational and recreational) and hiking sports (educational-sports). Taking into account the previously mentioned classification of recreational tourism (lecture 2), we can, in turn, recreational trips into recreational and recreational trips (they are called simply recreational in literature), recreational and educational (for example, ecological trips), recreational and sports ( for example, adventure). Dominant goals recreational Hikes are - a complete rest and recovery of their participants. Before recreational hikes, in addition, cognitive (educational) goals and objectives are also set.
AT recreational sports hiking, active recreation of participants is implemented in overcoming a difficult route containing natural obstacles (sports component). At the same time, the participants in the campaign do not set far-reaching sports goals for themselves, do not seek to receive a sports title, to participate in competitions. Their goal is to “inject” adrenaline into the blood with the help of sports tourism, “cool” to temporarily change the measured course of life. In educational and recreational trips, the main goal is to train participants in the necessary tourist equipment and tactics for conducting trips, as well as to master the participants in the methodology of conducting recreational trips (training of future tourist specialists in hiking conditions).
Dominant goal sports hiking is to improve the ability of participants to overcome the classified routes and increase their sportsmanship, qualifications. In educational and sports trips, in addition, the aim is to educate participants in a variety of tourist techniques (techniques to overcome natural obstacles) and the methodology for conducting sports trips (training instructors of sports tourism in hiking conditions). Sports trips are additionally classified by their category of difficulty, which we will discuss below.
Based on travel method any hiking (recreational and sporting) are divided into four types: hiking (in the mountains - mountain-hiking), skiing, water and cycling. In the case of sports tourism, only these four types of trips are included in the discharge requirements of the Unified Sports Classification (UCS) of the Republic of Belarus and only they relate to the "Rules for the conduct of sports tourist trips" adopted in the Republic of Belarus (hereinafter referred to as the "Rules"). At the same time, in the Russian Federation standards for 10 types of tourism are included in the sports classification: pedestrian, ski, mountain, water, bicycle, auto-moto-tourism, speleotourism (traveling to caves), sailing (collapsible vessels), horse-drawn and combined. According to the results of the respective campaigns, sports categories and ranks are assigned.
Fig. 1 Classification of hiking based on the purpose of their conduct.
Based on the duration of the trip (in days) all trips can be divided into weekend trips and multi-day trips.A hike with active means of transportation, but not providing for organizing an overnight stay, is not actually a hike - this is the so-called tourist walk. A hike involving the organization of one or two nights (usually carried out on weekends) is usually called a weekend hike. In the vast majority of cases, weekend trips are organized with the aim of improving the health and relaxation of the participants. In addition, they can pursue educational goals (as in the case of hiking with students studying tourism) and training goals (as part of the preparatory period before the implementation of sports trips). Multi-day trips can be both recreational trips and sports.
HIKING, hiking, husband. 1. Movement, transfer of troops or ships from one locality to another to carry out some sort of (primarily combat) mission. Go camping. Take a fight on a camping trip. Conducting intelligence on a campaign. The squadron was preparing for the campaign. “Even ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
Travel, trip, cruise, tour, voyage, tour, wandering, wandering, tourism, expedition, road, visit, walk, anabasis; operation, campaign; surplus Dictionary of Russian synonyms. trek 1. see travel. 2. see ... Synonym dictionary
Campaign: Moving an organized group of people (detachment) for a specific purpose and in the established order (formation): Campaign moving troops (forces) or ships (ships) from one locality (region) to another to perform military or training ... ... Wikipedia
hike - (HIKE YӨRҮ (CHYGU)) - 1. Gaskәr yaki yoshkans of detachment Nin. b. Burychny үtәү өchen ber urynnan ikenchegә kүcheү 2. p. Shundy kүchүlәrdә bula is traded, shundy kүchүlәrg khas. Shundy kүchүlәr өchen mahsus bilgelәngәn yaki әzerlәngәn. Hәrәkәttәge gaskәr yaki ... ... Tatars teleneң aңlatmaly sүleghe
1. HIKING, a; m. 1. Movement of troops or fleet with which l. purpose. P. squadron. Speak in the Regiment on a campaign (military). 2. Military operations, operations against whom, what l .; military campaign. Azov n. Peter I. Crusades. P. Napoleon on ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
HIKE 1, а, м. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory Dictionary Ozhegova
HIKE 2, a, m. (Open). A slight excess in the weight of the goods. Weigh with a hike. Explanatory Dictionary Ozhegova. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory Dictionary Ozhegova
HIKE, ah, husband. 1. Movement of troops or fleet with which n. purpose. The regiment on the campaign. Speak in p. P. squadron. 2. Long-range troop movements for military operations, as well as such actions themselves. The Italian village of Suvorov. Crusades. 3. ... ... Explanatory Dictionary Ozhegova
- (Voyage, passage) passage by the sea. Samoilov K.I. Marine Dictionary. M. L.: State Naval Publishing House of the NKVMF of the USSR, 1941 ... Naval Dictionary
hike -, a, m. 1. An organized visit to which l. for educational purpose. \u003d\u003d Trekking in Leninist places. ◘ All the units made four seven trips to Leninist places during the year. Peony, etc., 06.17.80. \u003d\u003d Hike to places of military glory. ... ... Explanatory dictionary of the language of Sovdepia
Books
- Campaign, D. Drake. 1995 edition. Good safety. Recognized master of military - adventure science fiction David Drake in the novel `Campaign 'retells the myth of the Argonauts - but only of space surroundings. ...
FUN "D, and, m 1. The movement, the transfer of troops or ships from one locality to another to carry out some. (predominantly combat) tasks. Speak in p. Take the fight on the campaign. Conducting intelligence on a campaign. The squadron was preparing for the campaign. Even going on a hike, more than once in the saddle a metal bank. Saltykov-Shchedrin. In a campaign, for example, you will come to a place; what do you order to do? Pushkin. 2. on someone what or against someone what. Military action against ... Even before the current German politicians came to power, especially after they came to Germany, a struggle began between two political lines, between the old policy, which was reflected in the well-known treaties of the USSR and Germany, and the “new” policy, which mostly resembles politics a former German Kaiser who occupied Ukraine at one time and took a campaign against Leningrad, turning the Baltic countries into a springboard for such a campaign, and the "new" policy clearly prevails over the old. Stalin (1934). Existence in affairs and campaigns against the enemy (Count in the old form). Italian n. Russian commander Suvorov. The officers, who had gone on a campaign almost as youths, returned, having matured in the swearing air, hung with crosses. Pushkin. Crimean campaigns in the 17th century. Crusades (see cross). || trans. Organized action against someone., Organized action to fight against something. or for something. (new). For the organization of the poor and the successful struggle against the kulaks, who had surplus bread, a campaign of workers in the village was organized. History of the CPSU (b). P. all black forces of reaction against the USSR. P. Fascism against democracy. 3. only units A slight excess (in weight, counting; unfolding). Three kilos of meat with a hike. Hangs goods without a hike. One hundred thirty-two fifty dollars with a campaign lost. Nekrasov. ◊
For (one) hike (dec. fam.) - by the way, incidentally, simultaneously with smth. I’ll go for a walk and go to the pharmacy after the trip.
Byzantine Empire
Cilician Armenia
|
Gugliel Embriaco |
Background to the conflictOne of the reasons for the crusade was a call for help, which the Byzantine Emperor Alexei I Komnin addressed to the Pope. This appeal was due to several circumstances. In 1071, the army of Emperor Roman IV Diogenes was defeated by the Seljuk Turt Alp Arslan at the Battle of Manzikert. This battle and the subsequent overthrow of Roman IV Diogenes led to the start of the civil war in Byzantium, which did not subside until 1081, when Alexei I Komnen ascended the throne. By this time, various leaders of the Seljuk Turks managed to take advantage of the civil strife in Constantinople and captured a significant part of the Anatolian plateau. In the first years of his reign, Alexei Komnin was forced to wage a constant struggle on two fronts - against the Normans of Sicily, who attacked in the west and against the Seljuk Turks in the east. The Balkan possessions of the Byzantine Empire were also subjected to devastating raids by the Polovtsians. In this situation, Alexey often used the help of mercenaries from Western Europe, whom the Byzantines called Franks or Celts. The commanders of the empire highly appreciated the fighting qualities of the European cavalry and used mercenaries as shock units. Their corps needed constant replenishment. In 1093 or 1094, Alexei, apparently, sent the pope a request for help in hiring another corps. It is possible that this request served as the basis for the call for the Crusade. Another reason could be the rumors that came to the west about the atrocities that were happening in Palestine. At this point, the Middle East was on the front line between the Great Seljuk Sultanate (which occupied a large part of the territory of modern Iran and Syria) and the Fatimid state of Egypt. The Seljuks were supported mainly by Sunni Muslims, the Fatimids were mainly Shiite Muslims. There were no one to defend Christian minorities in Palestine and Syria, and during the hostilities some of them were looted. This could give rise to rumors about the terrible atrocities committed by Muslims in Palestine. In addition, Christianity was born in the Middle East: the first Christian communities existed on this territory and most Christian shrines were located. On November 26, 1095, a cathedral was held in the French city of Clermont, in which, in the face of the nobility and the clergy, Pope Urban II delivered a passionate speech, urging the audience to go east and liberate Jerusalem from Muslim rule. This appeal fell on fertile soil, since the ideas of the Crusade were already popular among the people of Western European states, and the campaign could be organized at any time. The pope’s speech only indicated the aspirations of a large group of Western European Catholics. ByzantiumThe Byzantine Empire had many enemies on its borders. So, in the years 1090-1091 she was threatened by the Pechenegs, but their onslaught was repulsed with the help of the Polovtsy and Slavs. At the same time, the Turkish pirate Chaka, dominating the Black Sea and the Bosphorus, bothered the coast near Constantinople with his raids. Given that by this time most of Anatolia was captured by the Seljuk Turks, and the Byzantine army suffered a serious defeat in 1071 at the Battle of Manzikert, the Byzantine Empire was in a state of crisis, and there was a threat of its complete destruction. The peak of the crisis occurred in the winter of 1090/1091, when the pressure of the Pechenegs on the one hand and their Seljuks on the other threatened to cut off Constantinople from the outside world. In this situation, Emperor Alexei Komnin conducted diplomatic correspondence with the rulers of Western European countries (the most famous is the correspondence with Robert Flanders), calling for their help and showing the plight of the empire. A number of steps have also been outlined to bring the Orthodox and Catholic churches closer together. These circumstances aroused interest in the West. However, by the beginning of the Crusade, Byzantium had already overcome a deep political and military crisis and had been in a period of relative stability since about 1092. The Pecheneg horde was defeated, the Seljuks did not conduct active campaigns against the Byzantines, and even vice versa, the emperor often resorted to the help of mercenary detachments, consisting of Turks and Pechenegs, to pacify his enemies. But in Europe it was believed that the position of the empire was disastrous, counting on the humiliating position of the emperor. This calculation turned out to be incorrect, which subsequently led to many contradictions in the Byzantine-Western European relations. Muslim worldMost of Anatolia on the eve of the Crusade was in the hands of the nomadic tribes of the Seljuk Turks and the Seljuk Sultan Rum, who adhered to the Sunni current in Islam. In many cases, some tribes did not recognize even the nominal power of the Sultan, or enjoyed wide autonomy. By the end of the XI century, the Seljuks had squeezed Byzantium within its borders, occupying almost the whole of Anatolia after defeating the Byzantines in the decisive battle of Manzikert in 1071. However, the Turks were more concerned with solving domestic problems than with the war with Christians. The constantly renewed conflict with the Shiites and the civil war that erupted over the inheritance rights of the Sultan title attracted much more attention to the Seljuk rulers. In Syria and Lebanon, relatively semi-autonomous policies were pursued by Muslim semi-autonomous city-states, guided primarily by their regional rather than general Muslim interests. Egypt and much of Palestine were controlled by Shiites from the Fatimid dynasty. A significant part of their empire was lost after the arrival of the Seljuks, and therefore Alexei Komnin advised the crusaders to conclude an alliance with the Fatimids against a common enemy. In 1076, under the Caliph al-Mustali, the Seljuks captured Jerusalem, but in 1098, when the crusaders had already advanced to the East, the Fatimids conquered the city. The Fatimids hoped to see in the person of the Crusaders a force that would influence the course of politics in the Middle East against the interests of the Seljuks, the eternal enemy of the Shiites, and from the very beginning of the campaign they had a delicate diplomatic game. On the whole, Muslim countries underwent a period of deep political vacuum after the death of almost all the leading leaders at about the same time. In 1092, the Seljuk Wazir Nizam al-Mulk and Sultan Melik Shah I died, then in 1094 the Abbasid Caliph al-Muqtadi and the Fatimid Caliph al-Mustansir. Both in the east and in Egypt, a fierce struggle for power began. The civil war among the Seljuks led to the complete decentralization of Syria and the formation there of small, warring city states. The Fatimid Empire also had internal problems. . Christians of the EastCrusade of the nobilityAfter the defeat of the army of the poor and the massacre of Jews in August 1096, a knighthood finally led the campaign under the leadership of powerful nobles from different regions of Europe. Count Raimund of Toulouse, along with the papal legate Ademar Montailles, bishop of Le Puy, led the knights of Provence. The Normans of southern Italy were led by Prince Bohemund of Tarentus and his nephew Tancred. The brothers Gottfried of Boulogne, Eustache of Boulogne and Baldwin of Boulogne were warlords of the Lorraine, and the soldiers of Northern France were led by Count Robert of Flanders, Robert of Normandy (the eldest son of William the Conqueror and brother of William the Red King of England), Count Stefan Bloisch Yaroslav and Hugo Wernermus brother of Philip I, king of France). Road to jerusalemThe guide of the crusaders through Asia Minor was the Armenian prince Bagrat, the brother of the owner of the largest Armenian principality in the Prifraty, Vasil Gokh. Mateos Urhaeci reports that with the release of the crusader army from Nicaea, letters of notification were sent to the ruler of Mountain Cilicia, Konstantin Rubenid and the ruler of Edessa Toros Crossing Asia at the height of summer, the soldiers suffered from heat, lack of water and provisions. Some, unable to bear the hardships of the campaign, died, many horses fell. From time to time, the crusaders received help with money and food from brothers in faith - both from local Christians and from those who remained in Europe - but for the most part they had to get their own food, ruining the lands through which their path lay. The military leaders of the crusade continued to challenge each other’s leadership, but not one of them possessed sufficient authority to assume the role of full-fledged leader. The spiritual leader of the campaign was, of course, Ademar Montailles, Bishop of Le Puy. When the Crusaders passed the Cilician Gate, the army left Baldwin of Boulogne. With a small detachment of warriors, he set off on his own route through Cilicia and in early 1098 arrived in Edessa, where he won the trust of the local ruler of Toros and was appointed his successor. In the same year, Toros of Edes was killed in a conspiracy of Baldwin. Thus, the ruler of the Christian state became the first victim of the crusaders, although the participants of the crusade proclaimed the struggle against the "infidels" and the liberation of the "tomb of the Lord." After the assassination of Toros, the county of Edessa was formed - the first crusader state in the Middle East. Siege of NicaeaIn 1097, the crusader troops defeated the army of the Turkish Sultan [ ], began the siege of Nicaea. The Byzantine emperor, Alexei I Komnin, suspected that the crusaders, having taken the city, would not give it to him (according to the vassal oath of the crusaders (1097), the crusaders had to surrender the captured cities and territories to him, Alexy). And, after it became clear that Nicaea would fall sooner or later, Emperor Alexius sent ambassadors to the city demanding to surrender to him. The townspeople were forced to agree, and on June 19, when the crusaders prepared for the assault on the city, they sadly discovered that the Byzantine army had “helped” them a lot. After that, the crusaders moved further along the Anatolian plateau to the main goal of the campaign - Jerusalem. Siege of AntiochIn the fall, the crusader army reached Antioch, which was halfway between Constantinople and Jerusalem, and besieged the city on October 21, 1097. After eight months of siege, in the early morning of June 3, 1098, the crusaders broke into the city. Open the gate they helped treason gunsmith Firuza. In the city, the crusaders staged a bloody massacre: "all the squares of the city were crammed with the bodies of the dead, so that no one could be there because of the stench." Emir Yagi-Siana, accompanied by 30 soldiers, fled the city, leaving his family and children, but then the escorts abandoned him and he was killed and beheaded by the locals. By evening, the crusaders captured the entire city with the exception of the citadel in the south of the city. Four days later, on June 7, the army of Kerboga approached and after an unsuccessful assault, besieged him. The battle lasted all day, but the city held on. When night fell, both sides continued to stay awake - Muslims were afraid that a new attack would follow, and Christians were afraid that the besieged could somehow set fire to the siege weapons. On the morning of July 15, when the moat was filled up, the crusaders were finally able to freely approach the towers to the walls and set fire to the bags protecting them. This was a turning point in the attack - the crusaders threw wooden bridges on the walls and rushed into the city. Knight Letold was the first to break through, followed by Gottfried of Bouillon and Tancred of Tarents. Raimund Toulouse, whose army stormed the city from the other side, found out about the breakthrough and also rushed to Jerusalem through the southern gate. Seeing that the city had fallen, the emir of the garrison of the tower of David surrendered and opened the Jaffa gate. EffectsCrusader States in 1102 (in red) The states founded by the crusaders after the First Crusade: Crusader States in the East in 1140At the end of the 1st Crusade, four Christian states were founded on the territory of the Levant. Edessa County - the first state founded by the crusaders in the East. It was founded in 1098 by Baldwin I of Boulogne. It existed until 1146. Its capital was the city of Edessa. Principality of Antioch - It was founded by Boemund I of Tarenta in 1098 after the capture of Antioch. The Principality lasted until 1268. Kingdom of jerusalem, existed until the fall of Acre in 1291. The kingdom had several vassal seignoria subordinate, including the four largest:
County Tripoli - The last of the states founded during the First Crusade. It was founded in 1105 by Count of Toulouse Raimund IV. The county lasted until 1289. |