Black Sea. Environmental measures taken

Located in the interior of the continent, the Black Sea is the most isolated part of the World Ocean. In the southwest it communicates with the Sea of \u200b\u200bMarmara through the Bosphorus, the border between the seas runs along the line of Cape Rumeli - Cape Anadolu. The Kerch Strait connects the Black and.

The area of \u200b\u200bthe Black Sea is 422 thousand km2, the volume is 555 thousand km3, the average depth is 1315 m, the greatest depth is 2210 m.

The coastline, with the exception of the north and northwest, is poorly indented. The eastern and southern shores are steep and mountainous, the western and northwestern ones are low and flat, steep in places. The only large peninsula is Crimean.

The length of the Russian shores of the Black Sea (from the Kerch Strait to the mouth of the Psou River) is about 400 km. The entire area of \u200b\u200bthe Black Sea coast of Russia can be divided into two large regions - Taman and West Caucasian.

In the northwestern part of the sea, there are the largest bays - Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky. In addition to them, on the southern coast of the sea there are the Sinop Bay and the Samsun Bay, on the west - the Burgas Bay. Small islands Zmeiny and Berezan are located in the northwestern part of the sea, Kefken - to the east of the Bosphorus.

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The Black Sea coastline is indented or not, what is it like, what features does it have? This question is often asked by students. Let's try together to figure out the features of this reservoir and, of course, find answers to the questions posed.

Briefly about the sea

It is more than 420 thousand square meters. km. In outline, it looks like an oval with a length of 580 km wide and 1150 km long. The depth is 2210 m in the deepest part of the occupied territory. Black is one of the inland seas. The connection with the ocean occurs thanks to the Marmara, Mediterranean and Azov seas. The Bosphorus, Dardanelles and Kerch straits act as threads connecting all four water areas.

The roughness of the Black Sea coastline is poorly expressed. The area occupied by this body of water is equal to two areas of Great Britain. Seven countries are washed by the waters of the Black Sea: in the north - Ukraine, in the north-east - Russia and Abkhazia, in the south-east - Georgia, in the south - Turkey, in the north-west - Romania and Bulgaria.

There are signs of life in it only at a distance of 150-200 m from the surface. Further, the water is saturated with hydrogen sulfide, because of this, the development of living organisms is simply impossible. The exception is anaerobic bacteria.

What is the coastline of the Black Sea?

Most of the coastline is more or less flat. Only on the north side is there a slight irregularity. The length of the Black Sea coastline is 3400 km. Crimea is the largest peninsula. On the opposite side, the coast of Anatolia protrudes strongly.

There are many bays in the north; they are somewhat less common in the south and northwest. Also, the coastline of the Black Sea is represented by estuaries. They are mainly found on the north and northwest coast. On the side of the Crimean peninsula, there is a mountainous relief.

Bays

The largest bays are in the north. This territory belongs to the state of Ukraine. This position is quite favorable, and it is determined by the presence of the following bays: Yagorlytsky, Dzharylgachsky, Kalamitsky, etc. But in the southwest there are fewer, the largest: Varna and Burgas (the state of Bulgaria). The coastline of the Black Sea in the south is also not represented by many bays. The main ones: Sinop and Samsun - belong to Turkey.

Crimea can freely be proud of Sevastopol and which are located between the rocks. The Tamansky Peninsula is characterized by many small bays, where reeds and reeds have found a habitat. This resulted in smoother formation.

Coastline relief

From the north and north-west, due to the inflow of rivers, estuaries are formed. In this part, the banks are low-lying. Cliffs can sometimes be seen. But the coastline of the Black Sea near the Crimean peninsula is mountainous. This is especially true of the southern as well as eastern shores. Here you can already see. Also in this part of the coast are the mountains of the Caucasus, which reach the very water.

Anatolia's large ledge is characterized by three small islands. Bafra and Charshamba have a low-lying surface, while Injeburun is mountainous. This also includes the Sinop Bay. It got its name in honor of the memory of the victory of the Russian fleet in 1853 in the Crimean War. The commander was then P.S. Nakhimov.
Once upon a time at the site of the entrance of one of the largest rivers, the Rion, there was a large bay. Over time, the Colchis Lowland appeared instead.

On the Turkish side, the Black Sea coastline receives several rivers. These are the watercourses Yesil-Irmak, Chorokh, Kyzyl-Irmak. On the European side of Turkey is the Thracian Peninsula. It wasn't long before a wide bridge was built to connect it with Anatolia. This makes it easy for large ships to pass through the Bosphorus. There are several large ports to the west of it. One of them is Burgas, the other is Varna. It is from here that the sea roads of Bulgaria originate.

Islands

The Black Sea is deprived of the opportunity to boast of a large number of islands. The largest of them is Dzharylgach with an area of \u200b\u200b62 sq. km. The rest are very small - no more than 1 sq. km. This includes the islands of Berezan and Serpents. The latter is located farthest from land. The distance from the Danube Delta to the island is 40 km.

Let's sum up

Each section of the coastal zone got its own name. In Crimea, the coast is called the South, in Russia in the Caucasus - the Black Sea coast, in Turkey - the Rumeli and Anatolian coast.

The most convenient bay is located in Romania - the port of Constanta. On the north side is the large Danube delta. The Lower Danube Lowland also passes here. It contains a string of salt lakes.

So, we tried to answer whether the Black Sea coastline is indented or not, described the features of its relief.

straits, Bosphorus and Dardanelles, located in the Marmara region of northwestern Turkey. The area of \u200b\u200bthe Straits often includes the Sea of \u200b\u200bMarmara located between them and its surroundings.

Description

The Black Sea straits consistently connect the Black Sea with the Marmara, and the Marmara with the Aegean, which is part of the Mediterranean. They also separate Europe (Thrace) from Asia Minor (Anatolia). The straits provide access to the Mediterranean Sea and the world's oceans of most of Russia, Ukraine, the Transcaucasus and the countries of southeastern Europe. In addition to agricultural and industrial goods, oil from Russia and the rest of the Caspian countries accounts for a significant share of exports through the Straits.

Bosphorus

The shores of the strait are connected by two bridges: the Bosphorus Bridge, 1074 meters long (completed in 1973) and the Sultan Mehmed Fatih Bridge, 1090 meters long (built in 1988), 5 km north of the first bridge. A third road bridge is planned, but the Turkish government is keeping the construction site secret so far to avoid rising land prices. In 2013, the Marmaray railway tunnel was opened, which united the transport systems of Istanbul, located in the European and Asian parts of the city.

Dardanelles

During the decline of the Ottoman Empire at the London Conference in 1841, it was decided to close the Straits for the passage of anyone's warships in peacetime. Under a secret agreement in 1915, the straits were transferred to the Russian Empire. From the point of view of modern international law, the Straits zone is an "open sea" and since 1936 it has been governed in accordance with the provisions of the Montreux Convention on the status of the straits while maintaining the sovereignty of the Turkish Republic over the latter.

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Notes

Literature

Black Sea straits - an article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
in the Geographical Encyclopedia.
in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law.
Evmenenko, S. Black Sea Straits: Myths and Reality. - seanews.ru, July 13, 2006.
Shemyakin, A. Black Sea Straits: History and Contemporary Problems. // Transport law. - 2003, No. 4.
Rozakis, Christos L. ... - Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987.
Luneva Yu.V. ... - M .: Quadriga, 2010 .-- 256 p.

An excerpt characterizing the Black Sea straits

“I'm not joking,” Bilibin continued, “there is nothing more just and sadder. These gentlemen come to the bridge alone and raise their white kerchiefs; they assure that there is an armistice, and that they, the marshals, are going to negotiate with Prince Auersperg. The officer on duty lets them into the tete de pont. [bridge fortification.] They tell him a thousand Gascon nonsense: they say that the war is over, that Emperor Franz has made an appointment with Bonaparte, that they want to see Prince Auersperg, and a thousand Gasconades, and so on. Officer sends for Auersperg; These gentlemen embrace the officers, joke, sit down on the cannons, while the French battalion, unnoticed, enters the bridge, throws sacks of flammable substances into the water and approaches the tete de pont. Finally, the Lieutenant General himself, our dear Prince Auersperg von Mautern, appears. “Dear enemy! The color of the Austrian army, the hero of the Turkish wars! The enmity is over, we can shake hands with each other ... Emperor Napoleon is burning with the desire to recognize Prince Auersperg. " In a word, these gentlemen, not for nothing the Gascons, so throw Auersperg with beautiful words, he is so seduced by his so quickly established intimacy with the French marshals, so blinded by the appearance of Murat's mantle and ostrich feathers, qu "il n" y voit que du feu, et oubl celui qu "il devait faire faire sur l" ennemi. [That he sees only their fire and forgets about his own, which he was obliged to open against the enemy.] (Despite the liveliness of his speech, Bilibin did not forget to pause after this mot to give time to evaluate him.) The French battalion runs into tete de pont, the cannons are nailed down, and the bridge is taken. No, but what is best, - he continued, calming down in his excitement by the charm of his own story, - is that the sergeant, assigned to the gun, at the signal of which he was supposed to light mines and blow up the bridge, this sergeant, seeing that the French troops running to the bridge, was about to shoot, but Lann pulled his hand away. The sergeant, who apparently was smarter than his general, approaches Auersperg and says: "Prince, they are deceiving you, here are the French!" Murat sees that the case is lost if the sergeant is allowed to speak. He is surprised (a real Gascon) turns to Auersperg: "I do not recognize the Austrian discipline so vaunted in the world," he says, "and you allow the lower rank to talk to you like that!" C "est genial. Le prince d" Auersperg se pique d "honneur et fait mettre le sergent aux arrets. Non, mais avouez que c" est charmant toute cette histoire du pont de Thabor. Ce n "est ni betise, ni lachete ... [This is brilliant. Prince Auersperg is insulted and orders the arrest of the sergeant. No, admit it is lovely, this whole story with the bridge. This is not just stupidity, not like meanness ...]
- With "est trahison peut etre, [Perhaps treason,]" said Prince Andrew, vividly imagining gray greatcoats, wounds, gunpowder smoke, the sounds of firing and the glory that awaits him.
- Non plus. Cela met la cour dans de trop mauvais draps, continued Bilibin. - Ce n "est ni trahison, ni lachete, ni betise; c" est comme a Ulm ... - He seemed to ponder, looking for the expression: - c "est ... c" est du Mack. Nous sommes mackes, [Also not. This puts the yard in the most ridiculous position; it is neither treason, nor meanness, nor stupidity; it's like under Ulm, it's… it's Makovshchina. We were soaked. ] - he concluded, feeling that he had said un mot, and a fresh mot, such a mot that would be repeated.
The folds on his forehead, collected so far, quickly dissolved as a sign of pleasure, and he, with a slight smile, began to examine his nails.
- Where are you going? He said suddenly, addressing Prince Andrew, who got up and went to his room.
- I'm going.
- Where to?
- To Army.
- Yes, you wanted to stay two more days?
- And now I'm going now.
And Prince Andrew, having made the order to leave, went to his room.
“You know what, my dear,” said Bilibin, entering his room. - I thought about you. Why are you going?
And to prove the irrefutability of this argument, the folds all fled from the face.
Prince Andrew looked inquiringly at his interlocutor and did not answer.
- Why are you going? I know you think it is your duty to ride into the army now that the army is in danger. I understand that, mon cher, c "est de l" heroisme. [my dear, this is heroism.]
“Not at all,” said Prince Andrew.
- But you are un philoSophiee, [philosopher], be him completely, look at things from the other side, and you will see that your duty, on the contrary, is to take care of yourself. Leave it to others who are no longer good for anything ... You were not ordered to come back, and from here you were not released; therefore, you can stay and go with us wherever our unhappy fate takes us. They say they are going to Olmutz. And Olmutz is a very nice city. And you and I will safely ride together in my carriage.
“Stop joking, Bilibin,” said Bolkonsky.
“I tell you sincerely and in a friendly way. Judge. Where and why will you go now that you can stay here? One of two things awaits you (he gathered the skin over his left temple): either you will not reach the army and peace will be concluded, or defeat and disgrace with the entire Kutuzov army.
And Bilibin loosened his skin, feeling that his dilemma was irrefutable.
“I cannot judge that,” said Prince Andrey coldly, and thought: “I am going to save the army”.
“Mon cher, vous etes un heros, [My dear, you are a hero,]” said Bilibin.

On the same night, bowing to the Minister of War, Bolkonsky went to the army, not knowing where he would find it, and fearing that he would be intercepted by the French on the way to Krems.
In Brunn, the entire court population was packed, and weights were already sent to Olmutz. Near Etzelsdorf, Prince Andrew drove onto the road along which the Russian army was moving with the greatest haste and in the greatest disorder. The road was so crowded with carts that it was impossible to ride in a carriage. Taking a horse and a Cossack from the Cossack chief, Prince Andrew, hungry and tired, overtaking the carts, went to find the commander-in-chief and his cart. The most ominous rumors about the position of the army reached him by road, and the sight of the chaotic running army confirmed these rumors.
"Cette armee russe que l" or de l "Angleterre a transportee, des extremites de l" univers, nous allons lui faire eprouver le meme sort (le sort de l "armee d" Ulm) ", [" This Russian army, which English gold brought here from the end of the world, will experience the same fate (the fate of the Ulm army). ”] he recalled the words of Bonaparte's order to his army before the start of the campaign, and these words equally aroused in him surprise at the genius hero, a feeling of offended pride and hope of glory. "And if there is nothing left but to die? He thought. Well, if it is necessary! I will do it no worse than others."
Prince Andrew looked with contempt at these endless, interfering teams, carts, parks, artillery, and again carts, carts and carts of all kinds, overtaking one another and in three, in four rows dammed the muddy road. From all sides, back and forth, as long as the ear could be heard, the sounds of wheels were heard, the rumble of bodies, carts and gun carriages, horse trampling, whip blows, prodding cries, cursing soldiers, orderlies and officers. Along the edges of the road, there were incessantly skinned and unkempt horses that had fallen, now broken carts with lonely soldiers sitting waiting for something, sometimes soldiers who had separated from their teams, who in droves went to neighboring villages or dragged from villages chickens, rams, hay or bags filled with something.
On the ascents and descents, the crowds grew thicker, and there was a continuous groan of screams. The soldiers, sinking knee-deep in the mud, carried guns and wagons in their arms; whips thrashed, hooves slipped, strings burst and shrieks of breasts. The officers who were in charge of the movement, now forward and backward, passed between the carts. Their voices were faintly audible in the midst of the general hum, and it was evident from their faces that they were desperate to stop this disorder. "Voila le cher ['Here is a dear] Orthodox army," thought Bolkonsky, recalling Bilibin's words.

The length of the Black Sea from west to east is 1130 km, the greatest width is 613 km. From the south, the coast of Anatolia (the Asian part of Turkey) juts into it in a wide arc, and from the north the Crimean Peninsula cuts deeply. The shores are mountainous almost everywhere, there are few large bays and bays. The largest bays, such as Odessa, Karkinitsky, Tendrovsky, are inscribed in the low steppe shores of the northwestern part of the sea. Some of the bays are fenced off from the sea by wide sandy spits - barrows. Convenient bays Sevastopolskaya and Balaklavskaya are hidden among the rocks of mountain Crimea, and on the Taman Peninsula shallow bays are overgrown with reeds and reeds (floodplains). From the east, the Greater Caucasus ridges approach the sea, and even such large Perths as Tuapse, Novorossiysk, Batumi, have only small bays. A large bay once existed where the largest of the rivers of the Caucasian coast, the Rion, flows into the sea. Later, on the site of the bay, a wide Colchis lowland was formed, and the Pontic mountains rise to the sea from the south. On the wide ledge of Anatolia there are three small peninsulas: the low-lying Bafra and Charshamba, and the mountainous Inje-Burun with the Sinop Bay. The name of this bay recalls the victory of the Russian fleet under the command of PS Nakhimov in 1853, during the Crimean War. The names of the major ports of Turkey are less familiar - Zanguldak, Samsun, Trabzon. Giresun, Ordu and the rivers Yesil-Irmak, Chorokh, Kyzyl-Irmak flowing from its territory into the Black Sea. The Thracian Peninsula (the European part of Turkey) has recently been connected to Anatolia by a huge bridge, under which large ocean-going ships pass freely through the Bosphorus. To the west of this strait, the spurs of the Balkans rise to the Black Sea - and here the mountains of Bulgaria's Sea Roads begin from the large ports of Burgas and Varna. Romania is crossed by the Lower Danube Lowland going to the sea, along the low coast of which a chain of salt lakes stretches. Only the port of Constanta got a comfortable bay. At the northern border of Romania, the Danube Delta is widespread, and that is the entire Black Sea coastline of 4090 km. Surrounded on all sides by land, it is one of the inland seas. At the same time, the Black Sea is "attributed" to the Atlantic Ocean basin: it connects with it through the Marmara and Mediterranean Seas. Two Great Britains can be located on the area occupied by the Black Sea (423 thousand sq. Km). The water surface is only in some places near the coast interrupted by small islands, for example, Berezan, located 13 km from Ochakov. Of the few Black Sea islets, the most distant from the coast is. Serpentine (Fundonisi), located 40 km from the Danube Delta.

The whimsical, indented coast of Crimea attracts sailors and beach-goers with this very feature. Numerous bays make it possible to find both a convenient anchorage and a coastal edge that is not subject to the fury of the waves. The Kalamitsky Gulf of the Black Sea is not very large, but its coasts are unique natural corners.

Where is the Gulf of Kalamita on the map?

It is located in the Western Crimea. On its banks are Zaozernoe, and Saki, Novofedorovka, Nikolaevka and Beregovoe, Sandy and.

Geographic details and features

Here, disagreements immediately begin. Classic - old - sources have always indicated that the bay is limited by the capes of Evpatoria and. Thus, it occupies a significant part of the western coast of the Crimean Peninsula. However, modern data "cut" these indicators. In their opinion, the gulf “does not reach Chersonesos,” but its border is.

It is not difficult to give a short description of the bay. It is smaller than, slightly protrudes into the land - by 13 km, but it has a wide entrance - according to modern data, 41 km. The depths are different, maximum 30 m, so even heavy ships are not threatened to run aground. The height of the coast rises from north to south. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe Yevpatoria cape, it is sloping, sandy, with extensive beaches. To the southern end, the coast rises, near the ledge Lucullus is 15 m.

There are several salt lakes near Kalamitsky Bay:

Yaly-Moinakskie (Big and Small),
Saki,
Bagailly.

Hydrographic research proves that they were once supposed to make up a section of the harbor, but were separated from it by embankments literally several meters wide. As a result, the properties of their filling and bottom sludge changed. These are often called estuary.

Kalamitsky Bay in Crimea is considered a very clean area of \u200b\u200bthe Black Sea.
This is largely due to the fact that it is located far from the confluence. Rivers and Western Bulganak flow directly into it, within its present-day borders, but they cannot create a strong suspension of the brought soil in it. The purity of the water explains not only the tourist attraction of the region, but also its natural wealth.

Mutually exclusive transfers

The region of Kalamitsky Bay has long been giving a lot of work to philologists. They cannot in any way establish the origin and meaning of its name. Yes, everyone knows about the existence of the medieval, but for some reason the fortification was also called that way! There are many mutually exclusive versions borrowed from different languages: “beautiful”, “nice, comfortable cape” and even “misfortune, disaster”. The riddle, like so many different definitions, can be attributed to the same place.

The name "Lucullus" also raises questions. Many have heard of the existence of the Roman general Lucullus, who loved to eat deliciously. He has probably been to these parts, but the land ledge still does not look like him. In fact, on the first known maps, it was called in Tatar - Uluk-Kol. A beam with that name ("long sleeve") is indeed nearby. Probably, later the name, which was indigestible for the first Russian settlers, was changed into a more musical surname of the Roman military man.

Protection of life and health

Since Kalamitsky Bay is famous for its cleanliness, rest in this area is especially beneficial for health. Estuary lakes (the most famous but similarly used silt from others) are a source of healing mud used in the treatment of many diseases of the nervous system, skin, musculoskeletal system, and respiratory organs.
Clean air and water complement the healing effect.

It warms up relatively quickly: the bathing season in favorable years lasts from May to September. The beaches of Evpatoria are well known - sand is much more convenient for vacationers than pebbles. Many of them have a gentle entrance to the sea - this is one of the reasons why the city is especially recommended as a children's resort. The surroundings are famous for their beautiful spacious beaches (the name speaks for itself). A small village is not as famous as Evpatoria, but it is for the better - prices are lower, and there is more space.

In addition to holidaymakers, the sea inhabitants liked the clean water. In order to protect the system in which the sea interacts with the land, a reserve has been created at Cape Lucullus. Its coastal complex is recognized as a natural monument. The flora and fauna here is very rich, including rare species. Spring adonis (adonis) grows here, steppe duck, little bustard, steppe eagle, four-striped snake, steppe viper are found.

At Lucullus, archaeologists have discovered the remains of a large settlement of Scythian times. Conditionally it is called Ust-Alminsky. So far, it has not been possible to identify the archaeological site from written information, but it is clear that it was a rather large polis. This object requires an early investigation - a significant part of it has already been lost as a result of erosion by the sea.

How to get there (get there)?

You can get to the Kalamitsky Gulf from any corner of Crimea, buses in this direction are not uncommon from Simferopol, Yalta, Sevastopol, Feodosia and even Kerch.

We will show on the map how to independently get by car to, one of the most attractive here, from Simferopol:

Tourist notes

Address: Western Crimea, Russian Federation.
GPS coordinates: 45.002367, 33.566267.

Visitors should behave culturally so that the Kalamitsky Bay of Crimea and its Black Sea environs can help improve the health of guests for a long time to come and preserve the biological diversity of the region.