In the category of 4 x star. Shoulder straps and ranks of the Russian police: the meaning of the stars on them, historical continuity

Shoulder straps of a soldier are his peculiar visiting card, that is, one glance at the shoulder insignia is enough to understand what rank a soldier has. Stars on uniform give enough information about which officer composition a soldier belongs to.

However, shoulder straps and stars did not immediately acquire a modern look. In pre-revolutionary times, they were interspersed with additional stripes, which were called a patch. Only later did the stars on uniform begin to demonstrate the serviceman as a person belonging to a certain rank in the military hierarchy.

How stars appeared on uniform and what is their significance

Even during the time of Tsarist Russia, military personnel were significantly different in appearance from ordinary citizens, since their clothes had their own special insignia. However, at that time, as such, epaulettes, and especially stars, did not exist. They were not the distinguishing marks of a serviceman as they are now.

As a rule, the appearance of a military man had few elements by which one could judge his rank and position in the hierarchy of the army. Greater attention was paid not to some particular details, but to all military clothing as a whole. Therefore, the external fit of clothes, as well as the type of military weapons that the military always had at hand, testified to the status of a soldier. Basically, this rule applied to senior and junior officers. The generals, for example, had their insignia, which distinguished them from the background of military personnel who were lower in rank.

The reformation in this area occurred during the reign of Peter the Great, who, in his overseas travels, was inspired by changes in the appearance of the army during the time of Tsarist Russia. The base attribute was originally breastplates that looked like a scarf. It housed the heraldic symbols of the army in imperial times. When the hour of the nineteenth century struck, a new transformation of the appearance of a soldier’s clothes occurred, which began to resemble the outfit of a uniform, moreover, it was more frightening.

In addition, a kind of headgear began to appear on the heads of the officers, which also became part of the appearance of a soldier as a distinction.

After such transformations, it was the turn of epaulettes, which were the prototype of modern shoulder insignia. There is a significant difference between epaulettes and epaulettes - the latter have never had stars. Therefore, the officers were distinguished in this case solely by the color scheme of the epaulettes.

If these are junior and senior officers, then the shoulder insignia of imperial times coincided in shade with the color of the uniform they wore. The generals, as a more privileged class in the military hierarchy, wore golden epaulettes. Another difference between the royal epaulettes and the epaulettes of the modern plan was that they were a decoration of a military man, they were very catchy and elegant.

Find out: What epaulets wore in the army of the USSR, how did they appear

Often, with enough wealthy servicemen, they were created to order from pure gold. Modern epaulettes are more modest, because after the Revolution, the preference was given to practicality rather than beauty.

In the twenties of the last century, the uniform of a soldier changed epaulettes to epaulets of the modern type, which the Russian army still uses. Since then, a hierarchy has also appeared in the Russian army, which has survived to our times.

For example, one star on uniform indicated that the servant has the rank of ensign, if the soldier has two stars, then this is a major, if three, then the soldier transferred to the rank of lieutenant colonel, and if four - then this is headquarters captain.

Five stars mean that a soldier has the highest military rank. If it concerns the ground forces, then this is a field marshal, and if it is a naval force, then the admiral of the fleet. However, five stars are not sewn on his epaulets, they are replaced by one large and emblem of the Russian Federation (in the modern interpretation).

However, in those days, epaulettes had not yet completely disappeared from their military uniforms, as they were worn by colonels. And just as in the distant tsarist times, they did not have such insignia as stars. They entered the everyday life of a military man in uniform only after another reformation took place in Soviet times, which led to the fact that soldiers began to wear overcoats.

In the Soviet army, in addition to stars, brass buttons were also used. In addition, emblems were used that demonstrated the insignia of a particular type of troops. Since then, the uniform of a soldier has acquired the form that is used to this day.

The sequence of ranks and their corresponding stars

In the rank and file of the army, stars are not currently used. The youngest rank of a soldier who is just entering military service is private, he walks with epaulets that do not have distinct insignia. If this is a soldier who belongs to the power services, then an additional word is attributed to the rank. For example, if this is a prosecutor, then attributed to ordinary justice.

If this is a junior sergeant, then on his shoulder straps are two transverse stripes.
If it's just a sergeant, then it has three bands.
A few years later, the sergeant receives the rank of senior, and then one strip appears on his shoulder insignia, which is twice as wide.

Find out: What rank in the army of the Russian Federation corresponds to the rank of corporal

Stars on uniform, ranks follow a clear pattern, since in each composition they differ only in quantity and size. Two stars are worn by warrant officers, and senior warrant officers - three on each shoulder strap.

After the military passed the senior warrant officer, he goes into the category of officers.

Junior lieutenant has one star on uniform. On the shoulder insignia there is a small asterisk, which means the initial step among the junior officers. On their epaulettes there is one gap, which is a red strip on which all the stars are located.
Often people who are still not very well oriented in such a hierarchy are wondering, two stars on uniform - what rank? In the younger composition, this is a lieutenant, his stars are located at an equal distance from each other on both sides of the central strip.
Three stars on uniform - this is the senior lieutenant, where the third star is slightly higher than the first two. Therefore, in order to determine the name of the rank to which the soldier currently belongs, it is necessary to decipher the meaning of the stars on his epaulettes. This can be done very easily, since it is enough to know the amount that has one or another rank, as well as the principle of their location on the shoulder insignia. Therefore, when asked, three stars on uniform - what rank does the soldier know for sure that he is the senior in rank military.
The captain has 4 stars on uniform. At the same time, it combines the position of the stars of all previous ranks, and the fourth is slightly higher than the previous three.

Senior officers have the following hierarchy of ranks:

About how many stars has the first step, each soldier knows by heart. The hierarchy begins with a major who has one star on uniform and two gaps that appear as two parallel red stripes. A star that is slightly larger than the younger stars is located exactly between the two gaps.
The second step is the lieutenant colonel, in which the stars are located on two parallel gaps, and at the same distance from each other and from the edge of the shoulder strap.
3 stars on shoulder straps have colonels, in which the first two stars on shoulder straps are located in the same way as that of the lieutenant colonel, and the third is slightly higher.

After a soldier has gone through all the stages in the senior officer corps, he goes into the so-called elite, that is, into the top officer corps. On shoulder straps of this composition there are no red parallel running stripes, however there is a fringing of a certain color. If it is a ground force, then the edging is red.

Find out: What epaulets were worn by the military in the rank of generalissimo

Here the following hierarchy takes place:

The first stage of the military elite is a major general, who in the naval forces corresponds to the rank of rear admiral. The serviceman who bears this title has one star, which is larger in size than that used in the senior staff.
Next comes the lieutenant general with two stars, which are arranged in a row, which is the difference from the features of the location in the senior officer corps. Stars line up, but at a strictly defined distance in relation to each other.
If 3 stars on uniform, then this is the rank of lieutenant colonel. A soldier who is in this rank has one star more than the previous general, who is located a little higher than the two already on the shoulder straps.
The general of the army possesses four stars. This title has long been considered the highest in the military hierarchy. However, after several decades, the title of Marshal was introduced. Stars of the army general are in a row and occupy most of the epaulettes.

For a representative of the country's military directions, the identification of ranks on the basis of the epaulettes seen is not difficult. This is the first item that a soldier, a sailor or a cadet of police, will remember during his service. In contrast, many civilians are not told anything about the differences on uniform. But the situation in the world today is such that this knowledge of the symbolism of the military will come in handy.

Identification Instruction

Soldier star signs on naval and army epaulets do not differ significantly from each other. Distinctive feature exclusively in rank. The troops with the land service are focused on the field and everyday type of clothing. The difference lies in the fact that the jackets for everyday wear with shoulder straps are supplemented with symbols of the armed forces, which means "armed forces", and on the camouflage itself these symbols are absent, only the Lyos and stars remain. There are no such differences in the fleet, all shoulder straps are marked with the letter “F”, which means the fleet, with the exception of the highest command.
It is easy to identify an army soldier among other military men: on his shoulder straps there are no strings or stars, with the exception of the abbreviations of the armed forces on a daily basis. In the Navy, he is assigned the rank of sailor.
Above the soldier in command is a corporal, his symbol of pride is one tag. In the Navy, he is called the main sailor.
A senior and an ordinary sergeant own two and three stitches. In the Morflot, these ranks call the foreman of the 1st and 2nd articles.
For the sergeant, for pride, there are stitches with a large width parameter, foremen have two stitches - wide and narrow. On the ship, such ranks are the main and ship foreman of the same rank.
For the senior and ordinary warrant officer, epaulettes include small stars: the ensign has 2, the senior - 3. The stars are arranged alternately in a row around the perimeter of the long shoulder strap. On the ship, they carry the rank of midshipman and senior midshipman.
Almost all of the junior officers have stars. And from army officers, their distinction is a longitudinal strip in red color, running along the entire epaulet.
The junior lieutenant has one star, which is located near the center of the epaulet. As for the stars, the lieutenant has two of them, which are across, the three of the senior lieutenant are placed in a triangle, and the captain owns four stars. In this case, the navy has the same rank as land, with the exception of the captain. There he is called a lieutenant commander.
Officer officers wear large stars and two transverse lines of red color.
The major has one unit in the center of the epaulet, the lieutenant colonel has two, which are wide, three have a colonel and are placed resembling a triangle. On the ship, these ranks correspond to captains of three ranks from the first to the third.
The highest composition of officers has epaulets embellished with the largest stars, where there are no red ribbons.
The major general has one large star attached to the central part of the epaulet, the lieutenant general has two that are located along the long edge, the colonel general has three stars in three units that are arranged in a row in a straight line. In the sea, generals are called admirals and their ranks are respectively the rear, vice, admiral and naval admiral.

Four stars: we figure out what rank corresponds

Captains wear camouflage epaulets with a red line. 2 stars are located on the sides at a distance of 13 millimeters and 2 more above them, vertically on a strip in a row.

The field form is characterized by the fact that on shoulder straps there are no stripes along the edging, and the stars are white.

The captain-lieutenant in the navy wears gray-black epaulets and lines of yellow color. Two stars are located on the sides of the strip in 13 millimeters, another 2 - vertically above them.

Contrary to popular belief, there is no single international hotel classification system that can accurately determine the level of service in a particular hotel. There is also no single global authority that would be responsible for registering hotel status.

Even the star system, common in European countries, does not guarantee that the list of requirements that 4 star hotels must meet is the same in all countries.

Typically, qualifications are awarded by government agencies responsible for the development of tourism in the country. For example, in France or Turkey this is the prerogative of the Ministry of Tourism, in Russia - the Federal Agency for Leisure and Tourism.

In other words, the characteristics of the stars of France will differ from those of the Dutch, Russian or Turkish equally stellar hotels.

However, this does not introduce much confusion and the level of comfort of hotels of this level is quite predictable.

What can be included in the minimum set of requirements that 4 star hotels must meet

A round-the-clock fire safety system. Security service, responsible for the safety of customer items. An opportunity to remove the safe cell for especially valuable objects.
Strict compliance with sanitary standards. Perfect cleanliness. Good plumbing equipment. Lack of insects and rodents in all rooms. Regular staff.
The area of \u200b\u200bthe rooms is not regulated, but it is indicated that it should be sufficient for free and comfortable accommodation of the client. Increased requirements are also imposed on the area of \u200b\u200bthe bathroom.
The qualifications of all personnel must be consistent with their position.
The presence of several inputs. Mandatory separate entrance for hotel staff.
4 star hotels are required to provide round-the-clock operation of elevators, including service and freight. The waiting time should not exceed 30 seconds.
Cold and hot water round the clock. Availability of a reserve water supply system. water purification and treatment.
Air-conditioned rooms and common areas. The presence of a thermal air curtain at the entrance.
All rooms should be well lit. Mandatory availability of spare energy saving systems.
International telephone communication in each room and in the lobby. 4 star hotels should provide round-the-clock free Internet access in rooms and in common areas.
Multichannel television, including broadcasting in the most common languages \u200b\u200bof the world.
The presence of several restaurants and bars offering various cuisines. There should be non-smoking areas and the ability to order room service. 4 star hotels should be equipped with an internal passage to a restaurant or dining room.
The presence of equipped and well-kept halls, halls for banquets or conferences, discos, karaoke.
Daily linen change and cleaning. An opportunity to demand additional cleaning. Laundry and dry cleaning services.
The presence of pools, saunas, health centers, beauty salons.
The provision of travel services: booking excursions or a guide. Providing information on entertainment and ticket reservations.
4 star hotels are required to organize the provision of postal services on their territory, up to sending telegrams.
Ability to book air and train tickets. Calling a taxi, ordering vehicles, a free shuttle bus if 4 star hotels are located away from any popular tourist destination.
The provision of banking services: currency exchange, credit cards. Insurance.
4 star hotels should organize on their territory the work of stalls selling souvenirs, cigarettes, postal supplies.

Again, the characteristics of 4 star hotels described above are optional. practices of high-star European hotels. Factors such as cost, country of location, national traditions and destination of the hotel can make adjustments to the proposed list.

Article was updated on 01/08/2019.
Want to know what kind of police epaulettes are? In fact, it is important to represent who you are dealing with on the road or in the city, and yet the rank can be determined only by shoulder straps. Representatives of the police will not always name their name and surname, although this is mandatory.

Why understand the police (police) ranks?

Imagine you are driving a car on a road and an inspector stops you. How to contact him if he did not introduce himself? You can just say "comrade policeman", but much better, of course, in rank. The same applies to street situations if you are walking. In general, knowing the ranks and shoulder straps is simply a must. Moreover, they changed slightly in appearance after the police were renamed the police.

Epaulettes

In order to make it easier to understand, see the picture below:

Here, for clarity, I divided shoulder straps into two rows, so we follow.
In the first row (upper) from left to right we have the following ranks:

Private police;
Lance Sergeant;
Sergeant;
Staff Sergeant;
Foreman of the police;
Police Warrant Officer;
Senior Warrant Officer;

All this was the junior commanding staff, with the exception of the "ordinary", of course. The second row is much more interesting, since the ranks of middle and senior teams are presented here. Also from left to right, the bottom row:

Junior Police Lieutenant;
Lieutenant;
Senior lieutenant;
Police captain;
Police Major;
Lieutenant colonel;
Colonel of the police.

The last three relate to the senior commanding staff, the rest to the middle one. Now you will be in the know if an employee suddenly stops you and will demand something from you. You can determine his rank by epaulettes.

The highest commanding staff. Shoulder straps of generals

Many asked in the comments to supplement the article and add general epaulettes. Fair comments. Although, of course, the general will not stop you on the street, but for general development, you need to know what his epaulettes look like:

As you can see, they differ from ordinary shoulder straps in their unusual shape. Let's list what ranks are represented here (from left to right):

Major General Police;
Police Lieutenant General;
Colonel General of the Police;
Police General of the Russian Federation;

Now you know everything about the ranks of the modern police. Share a link to this article with your friends, it will be useful to them.

What is a hotel or hotel today even first-graders know. But what they are, how they differ, why some of them have the proud title of "deluxe", while others are only 5 *, as well as the features of the classification of hotels in different countries - you can find out below!

Today in the world there are more than 30 different classifications of hotels, with each country having its own national characteristics. They are united by several criteria by which they judge the level of comfort throughout the world:

first of all, it is the state of the number of rooms: the area of \u200b\u200brooms (sq. m), the number of single (one-room) and multi-room rooms, apartment rooms
interior: condition of furniture, bathrooms
exterior: condition of the building, access roads, arrangement of the territory adjacent to the hotel
the presence of restaurants, cafes and bars, the quality of service in them
information support and technical equipment, including the availability of telephone, satellite communications, televisions, refrigerators, minibars, mini-safes
and additional services that provide this or that hotel with additional, eye-pleasing stars on the facade.

Hotel Classes

Recently, more and more countries are joining the usual star classification of hotels - it is really convenient, it is known and understood all over the world. And with those countries where they still use their usual methods of indicating the level of service at a hotel, travel agents, tour operators, online booking sites, and even hotels themselves act wisely: they assign stars that are identical to the level of comfort.

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Where do they use the "stars"? It’s easier to say where they don’t. At least almost all of Europe, many countries in LA, Southeast Asia and even Australia and Oceania use it. Namely: France, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Egypt, China, Brazil, Russia and so on. Let's consider in more detail:

One star is an inexpensive hotel with a minimum of services (and daily housekeeping is not always included in them). Here all rooms are of the same type and are designed for 2-3-4 people.
Two stars - a budget hotel with a slightly large selection of services. Daily housekeeping is possible here, there are both singles and family.
Three stars - a middle-class hotel with a standard set of services: daily housekeeping, a bathroom, a TV, sometimes a minibar or a refrigerator. Often on the territory of "three rubles" there are laundries for guests, there are swimming pools and gyms, business centers. In addition, 3 * boasts a rich selection of rooms: single, two-room, for smokers, non-smokers.
Four stars is a high-class hotel, where in addition to the services that can be found in 3 *, they also offer spa, massage, several bars and restaurants, and conference rooms. The cost of placement in the Quartet is significantly higher than the standard 3 *.
Five stars - a luxury hotel, which has a wide range of services, in particular exclusive: golf clubs, multi-room apartments with a maid or butler, private pools and villas. Prices for accommodation in such hotels are quite high, as well as for additional services. However, it should be borne in mind that 5 * in the beach resort of Egypt or Turkey, 5 * in Paris and 5 * in Bali - can vary greatly in the quality of the services provided.
Six or seven stars are currently not included in the existing classification. This is more of a marketing ploy, but the quality and variety of services offered in such hotels really deserve one or two stars higher than in the usual "fives". 6-7 * appeared in the world quite recently, they can literally be counted on the fingers: these are the legendary Burj Al Arab and Atlantis The Palm in Dubai, as well as the Town House Galleria hotel in Milan.

The German classification also divides hotels into 5 stars: tourist class - 1 *; standard class - 2 *; comfortable - 3 *; first class - 4 * and luxury category - 5 *.

In Greece, the letter system (A-B-C-D) is used, according to which all hotels are divided into five categories. Highest - De luxe (corresponds to 5 *), category A hotels - to a four-star level, B - three stars, C - "two-room apartments", D - economical 1 *. Recently, along with letters on the facades of the hotel you can see familiar stars.

In the UK, where “crowns” and “keys” were used not so long ago, now they have also switched to “stars”. The Association of British Travel Agencies distributes them as follows: budget hotels (1 *) are located in the central part of the city and have a minimum of amenities; tourist class hotels (2 *) have a restaurant and a bar; middle class hotels (3 *), the level of service is quite high; first class hotels (4 *), very high quality accommodation and excellent level of service; hotels of the highest category (5 *), the level of service and luxury accommodation.

In Canada and the USA there is no unified classification of hotels, and the approximate level of the hotel is indicated by letters. So, for example, T (Tourist Class) - economical and budget hotels and motels, an institution of the level of one or two "stars". Moderate First Class (M) - an analogue of "three rubles". F (First Class) - the usual "three-star" and 3 * +. S (Superior) - average four-star hotels, and D (Superior Deluxe and Deluxe) - well-deserved five "stars".

Hotel chains

As a rule, 4-5 * chain hotels are distinguished by high-class service and carefully monitor the quality of their services; this is especially true for chains such as "Hilton", "Sheraton" or "Hyatt." Therefore, it is not surprising that once staying at one of the "Hilton", tourists in the future choose hotels only this network. However, it should be borne in mind that beach and city hotels, even of the same brand, can vary greatly in quality. Unfortunately, Meridien in Hurghada and Meridien in Paris are two big differences. As for the network "three rubles", and sometimes the "fours" - here you need to be careful. Not all city 3 * hotels (even network ones) can boast a large room area or some special choice of services.

Some of the world's most famous hotel chains: Hilton, Sheraton, Four Seasons, Hyatt, Swissôtel, InterContinental, Marriott, Le Meridien, Ritz Carlton. More economical are: Accor, Best Western, Ibis. Recently, a “network business” has also begun to develop in Russia: these are the hotels of the Heliopark, AMAKS, Foresta, and Azimut chains.