Everyone knows how much interesting, sometimes the striking scientific discoveries made scientists on the ancient Egyptian land. The mass of wonderful finds gave her tombs and temples. But the largest miracle of Egypt, who was striking people in antiquity, were pyramids - these amazing artificial mountains are the tomb of the ancient Egyptian kings. Travelers who floated on the yellow waters of the Nile, always rushed into the eyes of a sharp face where the Nile Valley with her green fields and doves replace the hot sands of the dead of the Libyan desert.
These are the Egyptian pyramids.
They seem to grow out of the sands of the desert - colossal, majestic, overwhelming the person with extraordinary sizes and the rigor of the outlines. Standing at the foot of the pyramid, it is difficult to imagine that these huge stone mountains are created by the hands of people. Meanwhile, they were indeed folded from individual stone blocks, as in our time, children fold pyramids from cubes. Thousands of the hands of slaves and subject to Pharaoh Egyptians were engaged in heavy and useless work - the creation of a huge stone mountain, which was supposed to hide in their depths the dead body of the Egyptian king.
The creation of the eternal tomb of Pharaoh provided his immortal spirit to the eternal housing.
The first of the Egyptian kings, who erected over his tomb of the pyramid was Pharaoh Joser. This same ancient Pyramid of Egypt consists of six huge steps. Before the construction of the first pyramid in Egypt, tomb was erected with a massive rectangular above-ground part, isolated from stone. In shape, they resemble the Arab benches - Mastabi - and under this title and entered into science. Josher's pyramid essentially posed six such MastaBs set by one to another, decreasing upwards. The creation of such significant sizes in the world in the world (a height of about 60 meters) is attributed to Imhethepu - a wonderful physician, mathematics and architect, the former Vizarway of King Joster. Slava Imhats was so great that after a few centuries his name was surrounded by legends. From a later time, figurines depicting this wonderful architecture are preserved. Apparently, Pharaoh Joser himself was so satisfied with imhehotep unprecedented still the tomb, which was allowed to figure out the name of the architect on the base of his statue - the honor, completely unheard of in ancient Egypt. In the excavations of the Official Temple, which was near the pyramid of Goser, scientists found the fragments of several statues of Pharaoh and among them a pedestal, on which the name of Imhatop was written.
Excavations near the pyramid of Josher opened a whole "city of the dead" surrounding the tomb of Pharaoh. Mastabi was built around - the tomb of the members of the royal family and the venel approximate to the pharaoh. There was also a closed temple where sacrifices were committed in honor of the deceased Pharaoh. When excavations of the temple, archaeologists were opened by the hall, decorated with the most ancient columns in the world. True, it was not yet ordinary round columns, they only opposed the walls from the walls, but Imhotep promoted to Greek architects created a model of strict and slim Dorian Colonnade.
The clock temple and the pyramid were observed by a white limestone wall and, according to the architect's plan, were a single architectural ensemble.
The space near the pyramid was carefully studied by archaeologists even at the beginning of our century. However, the Egyptian scientist Mohammed Gone drew attention to one of the terraces southeast of the Pyramid of Josrara. Careful inspection made by Goniam discovered the remains of stone walls, fragments of processed limestone and alabaster, Gone decided to produce excavations. Works opened the residues of laying from large unwashed stones. It was the foundation of a massive fence, the same as surrounded by Josra Pyramid at one time. The top of this fence was disassembled in antiquity. Then opened under the thick layer of sand and rubble well-preserved part of the fence - the workers called it a white wall. It was gorgeous - lined with white grinded limestone, decorated with elegant protrusions. Undoubtedly, the wall fenced the pyramid. But where are the traces of the tomb itself, as ancient, as is the only pyramid of Josra, the only one in its kind?
Gone decided to look for the rest of the pyramid in the center of the plot and was right. From under the multi-meter stash, the lower massive stage of the ancient tomb appeared from the multi-meter trash. The height of the stage was 7 m. Gone determined that this pyramid had to have seven steps. Consequently, she was one step above the famous Pyramid of Josrar. The height of the open pyramid was supposed to reach 70 m. But if the residues of the pyramids were buried under the deep layer of sand, it means that the burial itself is intelligent. It was necessary to look for him. Near the bottom stage of the pyramid was discovered in the rock. It was a long corridor with ramifications.
In terms of galleries, things were found, which only increased interest in the central burial, proving that the tomb in antiquity was not robbed. Gone found a variety of stone and clay vessels, gold jewelry, a box for silent, made of gold, a large number of beautiful porphira bowls.
But the most valuable find was a seal on small vessels from dark-red clay. In the seals, Gone read the name to go, which meant a "mighty body" - it was unknown to the name of Pharaoh of one of the oldest dynasties. Interest in unknown lord, buried in the pyramid, has increased even more. Egyptian newspapers were full of articles with mysterious and sensational headlines like: "Gold's radiance from the tomb of Pharaoh" or "golden placers of an unfinished pyramid." Everyone was eagerly followed by the progress of work. After long searches, many disappointments, with great risk (several times the stones were collapsed in underground strokes), the scientist managed to penetrate the tomb.
In the unfinished, the dignified of the central hall (the construction trash was not removed, and it was only extruded to neighboring gallery) stood a magnificent alabaster sarcophagus. When the archaeologist carefully examined the sarcophagus, he was amazed - there was no covers of sarcophagus. Alabastra carved from the whole boulder, it was closed from the end side by the door that went down and rose in the grooves. With excitement, Gone was convinced that, after the sarcophagus was put in the tomb, no one contacted him - the funeral wreath of deadlines and herbs was put on top, or rather what remained from the funeral wreath, entrusted to Sarcophaga 4700 years ago .
On the day, appointed for the opening of the sarcophagus of the Unknown Dononya Pharaoh, the underground crypt filled the crowd of egyptologists, photo and filmporters, journalists. Having hoped his breath, the gathered followed how the workers began to rise in a heavy alabaster door. In deep silence, the sarcophagus opened. It was empty. Shocked gone carefully examined the sarcophagus. On its walls there were only traces left by tools, with which the masters drilled and hollowed the inside of the sarcophagus. Nobody was buried in this magnificent tomb. Crushed stone and construction trash, unluckled from galleries and transitions, unfinished view of the tomb, unfinished pyramid, empty sarcophag - all this was a riddle for Egyptologists.
The mystery of the unfinished pyramid was difficult to solve. Maybe Pharaoh for whom the tomb was intended, suddenly died, and his successor did not consider it necessary to continue construction. Maybe there were still any important events that are unknown to us (as unknown until the last time there was the name of the king of the comma), which forced Pharaoh to suddenly interrupt the construction of the pyramid. Mystery remains mystery. But the riddles arising before scientists are sooner or later allowed by them. So it was with many other monuments opened on the ancient Egyptian land.
Much was unclear in the biggest pyramid built by Pharaoh Houf (or Greek Heops) who lived in the XXVIII century. BC.
Almost five thousand years worth this huge pyramid. Its height reached 147 m (now, due to the collapse of the vertices, its height is 137 m), and each side of the length is 233 m. In order to bypass the pyramid of hufu around, you need to go around a kilometer. Up until the end of the XIX century. Pyramid Hufa was the highest construction on Earth. Her grandiose sizes hit everyone who was in Egypt. No wonder the first Russian travelers who fell into Egypt, called the pyramids "man-made mountains".
Scientists were calculated that the pyramid of the huf was folded from 2 "300" 000 huge limestone blocks, smoothly polished, and each of these boulders weighed more than two tons. Carefully sad and polished limestone blocks were so masterfully driven by one to another, which in the gap between the two stones it is impossible to push the blade of the knife.
The stones were tightly adjacent one to the other and held their own severity. The accuracy of the work of Kamenotes and Grinders is worthy of surprise, especially if you imagine that the ancient artisans, which created such grand monuments of human labor, used stone tools. In the quarries on the right bank of the Nile, not far from the ancient capital of Egypt Memphis, thousands of workers mined a stone for the construction of the pyramid. According to the boundaries of the stone block designated on a limestone rock, the workers were given deep furrows in the stone. This work took a lot of strength and labor. Hollowing the deepening in the furrow, the workers scored wedges from dry wood in them and watered them with water. The wet tree began to swell, the crack increased, and the boulder was filled from the rock. The chopped stone was pulled out of the mines of the minema with thick ropes woven from papyrus (such ropes were found in ancient quarries). Limestone blocks were then reheated by Kamenotes specialists here on together. Kamenotees worked with a whole set of tools made of wood, stone and copper. This work, of course, was more easy than the work on the extraction of stone, but also it came from dawn to dawn to work under the scorching sun. In the famous teaching of the ancient Egyptian scribe of Ahto, in which he tells his son Peopi about various professions, says: "Kamenotin is looking for work on every solid stone, when he cums, his hands are descended, he is tired. And he sits down to twilight, his knees And the back of it is bent. " This teaching was written by a scribe who lived in the era of the Middle Kingdom. And the pyramids were built in many centuries before, and hardly the work of the Kamenotian of that time was easier than in the times of Ahto scribe. The blocks of white facing limestone on the rooks were transported to the otherside the Nile. To the place of construction, they were brought by immersing on special wooden salazzas. Ancient Greek historian Herodotus, visiting Egypt in V c. BC, was the first scientist who reported in detail the information about the pyramids collected them. Herodota's work was an extensive story consisting of nine books in one of which he described his journey to Egypt. The first head of the famous "History" of Herodota, began in words: "The following trees of Herodotus Galicarnasseta presents the act of people from our memory, and so that there are no wonderful and surprise of decent structures performed by part of Hellen, part of the barbarians" . Herodotus conscientiously and thoroughly recorded the stories of Egyptians about how the pyramids were created. Only the road on which the stones from the mantomolometer were delivered to the place where the pyramid was erected, it was built about ten years. This road itself, wide, laid out on the sides of a grinded stone, decorated with various images, according to Herodotus, was an amazing building.
After Kamenotees, the front side of the facing stone was treated grinders. They worked with grinding stone, water and sand. As a result of long-term processing, the surface of the plate became smooth and brilliant. After that, the stones were considered prepared for construction.
On the limestone rock, cleaned from sand, gravel and stone, builders were raised by the pyramid, laying blocks with giant steps. Among these blocks, according to Herodotus, there was not a single one that would not reach 9 m.
According to Herodota's story, in order to stream stone blocks upstairs, an inclined embankment was built. Subsequently, she spun. According to it, builders who are adjusted by sticking sticks pulled heavy stones on the ropes, which were installed in place using a wooden lever. How many people died under the severity of the broken stone block, how much was crippled when laying the stones, how much died of unbearable labor here, in unfinished still walls of the pyramid! And this is for long twenty years. When the laying of the pyramids was completed, its steps were laid by facing blocks. They were brought from the Kamenomanian who were in Upper Egypt near Asvan. According to the ledge of the pyramid, facing blocks raised upstairs and put them down from top to bottom. Then they were polished. Under the rays of the southern sun, they shone a dazzling gloss against the background of the cloudless Egyptian sky. Herodotus says that the construction of the pyramid of Hufa lasted about twenty years. Every three months, workers were changed, the number of which reached 100 "000 people. The scourgelawickers, exhaustive heat, inhuman labor did their job. After all, there were no cars to raise two-ton limestone blocks. Everything was done only with the help of living human strength. Even if you take In the attention that Herodotus made a number of explicit exaggerations and inaccuracies, then all the same figures given to them give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe grandiose-based work taken by Heops to create a tremendous tomb. In the same story, Herodot mentions the inscriptions made on the pyramid in which the amount was indicated, Heavdown onions, garlic and radish for workers. 0An was 1600 talents. "If it really is, - Herodotes exclaims, - how much should it be kept on the iron tools for work, for food and clothing workers?".
The whole burial structure was almost solid stone masonry. The entrance to the pyramid was always on the north of her face, at an altitude of about 14 m from the ground. Inside the pyramid there were several cameras, of which only two were funeral. One, lower, as scientists suggest, was intended for the spouse of the king. The second, several large sizes (10.6 x 5.7 m), which was at an altitude of 42.5 m from the base of the pyramid, served as the tomb of the Pharaoh itself. It was the sarcophagus of red polished granite. Over the king's burial chamber is one above the other there are five deaf cameras intended, apparently, to distribute pressure over the camera. In the thickness of the pyramid, several narrow and long strokes leading in the chambers inside the pyramid, and in the chamber, divert under its basis. Scientists also traced two ventilation gaps, penetrating the thickness of the masonry and the stern from the chamber of Heops himself. When clearing the surface of the pyramid, many blocks were found marked with red paint and contained the name of Pharaoh Hofu. Parts of the ancient cladding were opened by archaeologists when clearing the lower part of the pyramid brought by sand. The oppression of facing stones was so perfect that it was impossible to immediately determine the places of their compound. And when photographed this facing, researchers had to specifically cover the paint seam, where the blocks were closed. We can safely say that none of the kings ruled after Houf could surpass His tomb in size and grandeur, but the name of Pharaoh, who decided to glorify himself with the construction of an unprecedented pyramid, for many centuries it was hated by the population of Egypt.
The second largest houf after the tomb is considered the Pyramid of Pharaoh Hafra (Hefrena). It is 8 m below, but it is less destroyed. The top of the pyramids retained a part of polished cladding. The remaining pyramids are much smaller, and many of them have destroyed much.
Near the Hafra's pyramid rises from the sand of the hill desert. Its height is about 20 m, the length of about 60 m. Approaching the hill, travelers see a huge statue carved almost entirely from the rock. This is the famous big sphinx - the figure of a lying lion with a human head. His face cracked, the nose and chin is repulsed. So the Muslims of the Arabs crossed the statue of the Millennium stood. Arabs believed that evil spirits live in the statues of the ancient Egyptian gods, and therefore tried to destroy their images as much as possible. With such a giant, as a large Sphinx, they could not cope with them, but they dismissed it thoroughly.
"Horror's Father" is so called a large sphinx in the desert residents. He inspires the greatest fear at night illuminated by a bright moon, when the deep shadows give it a special expressiveness.
Who depicts this colossal statue, why did she find themselves in such a close neighborhood with the pyramids? On the head of the statue bandage, which was worn only by Pharaohs. Scientists believe that this is a statue of Pharaoh Hafra, which was part of a number of structures related to the Tomb of Pharaoh.
In ancient Egypt, not every mortal had the right to approach the pyramid - this "Eternal Horizon", for which Pharaoh went "(Pharaoh did not say that he died - he" came "for the horizon, like the Sun; Egyptian kings called themselves sons Sun). In order for the wisp to honor the memory of the deceased Pharaoh, not insulting his grandeur, at some distance from the pyramid, a funeral temple was erected - something like the reception hall of the deceased king. Massive rectangular pillars made of polished granite maintained the ceiling. Granite walls and floor of the building were carefully polished.
The light fell out of small holes punched in the upper part of the walls, and created a solemn twilight, in which the dark statues of Pharaoh were particularly magnificent, lord, taking competitive guests. From this solemn room to the pyramid led a long indoor corridor. Its walls and gender were also made of polished granite. According to this corridor, the body of Pharaoh was carried in a heavy sarcophage from a valuable stone.
In order to preserve the king's body from the decline, which was the habitat of his soul (the Egyptians had called KA), they were embarrassed. A detailed story about the embalming process we retained the ancient Greek writer Diodorus, who lived in I B. AD Herodota also speaks to embalming the dead. The dead brought to the embodiment. The corpse was put on the floor and a man was approaching to him, which was called the sign of the sign. On the left side of the body, he outlined the place where the cut was supposed to pass. Then another person approached and the Ethiopian stone did a cut on the corpse, after which he turned to flight, because according to the customs with the curses they threw them all those present. These curses accounted for an ancient religious ritual associated with damage to the deceased. After that, the balsamizers were proceeded to the body. One iron hooks through the nostrils removed from the skull part of the brain. The remaining brain was dissolved by injection of various strong drugs. Through the wound in the side, the insides were taken out, which were laid with palm wine and fragrant essences. Then they were wound into thin flaxed matter and were invested in special vessels - cauldron made from clay, alabastra or porphira. Caps of poteno were made in the form of various heads. In the cauldron with a lid depicting the human head, the stomachs and intestines were folded, in the cauldron, with a head of Shakala lay light and heart, and the vessel from the head of a cobster was intended for the liver. At this time, the body of the deceased first rubbed with cedar oil and washed inside with palm wine. Then 40 days were kept in a special alkaline solution. Then she washed again and soaked in various aromatic resins that protect against rotting. Filling the inside of the body with aromatic substances, the incision was sewn and transferred to a navelized corpse with special dressmen who decorated it. Often golden nails on their arms and legs, inserted eyes from crystal or ivory. Rings were put on the fingers and legs. Drawing in this way the deceased, dressed makers covered the whole body with a layer of glue and began to wrap it with thin linen bandages. Wrapped, thoroughly wrapped, fingers and legs and the whole body several times, so the length of these bands was several hundred meters. Thus, a mummy prepared - an unwanted outmate for the Spirit of Ka, who had to live forever.
The same diodor tells that when the king of the Egyptian died, a long-lasting mourning was supplied to the whole country, which continued seventy-two days. The temples were locked up, did not bring the victims of the victims, they did not make any celebrations, they did not diminish incenses. All these days, the Egyptians did not bother meat, no wine, no flour food. Sprinking the head of the rush, the crowds of men and women wandered around the city with plaintive chants, in which the virtues of the deceased Pharaoh were glorified. On the day, appointed for the burial, sarcophagus with the named body of Pharaoh put on special polls, decorated with richest carvings and painting, and with solemn ceremonies they were accompanied on the last path of the deceased Lord, the "Son of the Sun", who went to the gods. The sarcophagus with the body of the king was placed in a crypt inside the pyramid, the granite walls and the ceiling of which were carefully polished.
The relatives of Pharaoh and the Priests took care that the deceased did not threaten the danger in the afterlife world, so that he could move freely inside his tomb and that the gods accepted him as equal. Therefore, often the walls of the premises inside the pyramids are made by prayers and spells. The doors that led from one room to another or from the corridor into the chamber were particularly thoroughly speaking. In the pyramid of Pharaoh Vi Pepi dynasty near the first door, a whole hymn was written, where it is argued that these "sky doors" are rejected only for Peps, but not for someone else. Before the other door, the text ended with the words is written: "When Pepping comes with his ka, the door must open. This Peppe Pyramid and His Ka" is dedicated. On the walls adjacent to the doors, images of the guards of doors-baboons, wolves, lions, and spelling against them and evil demons threatening the deceased Pharaoh are placed. These texts found in large quantities are one of the most ancient works of religious literature. Scientists called them at the place of find "Texts of the Pyramids."
Taking care of the safety of the spirit of the deceased in the afterlife, his relatives did not forget about the vital things. Special premises were kept jewels and various items belonging to Pharaoh. After all, the ancient Egyptians believed that the deceased continues to live and after the death that he needed in all those things that were needed during his lifetime. And the magnificent tomb of the king served him as a house, as a luxurious palace was at home.
On the days of the holidays in memory of the deceased pharaoh, the solemn procession was sent to his pyramid. In the hall with columns before the image of Pharaoh, "nearby near Ra", praying was made and sacrifices were brought. These days in the "city of the Dead" near the big pyramids were noisy and lively. The sacrifice of sacrificial animals was driven, people with gifts baskets, flowers, offering. Only relatives of the king, approximate and priests were allowed to the funeral temple. The remaining participants in the procession in honor of the deceased Pharaoh remained in the valley at the entrance to the corridor, leading to the Supreme Temple of the King, and expected the end of the sacrifice. To the pyramid - the sanctified place of the rest of the Pharaoh, which became the deity, is a simple mortal dare to approach. However, wealth that filled the storerooms of the royal tomb was a big temptation for robbers. Builders pyramids have provided that. The entrance to the crypt closed from the inside with a heavy lock stone. After the end of the funeral ceremonies from under the stone, subranges and entrance to the central rest of the pyramid were knocked out, where there was a magnificent granite sarcophagus with the body of Pharaoh, closed forever.
The same huge stone, bowed down on the inclined go to the crypt, closed the move in the corridor.
The well, for which people descended, after all the inputs and exits were mounted, fell down. The royal grave was not available for people and demons. Pharaoh could relax peacefully under the Stater Moody Pyramid, hung over a vaulted crypt.
But all the precautions were in vain. The royal tombs were robbed in antiquity, and only empty halls and complex transitions inside the pyramids were preserved to this day. On the unheard of treasure, which were buried in the royal graves, could only guess until in 1922-1923. The famous tomb of King XVIII Dynasty of Tutankhamon, who died in the XIV century, was not opened. BC, more than 32 centuries ago. For a happy randomness, she was not looted, and all the utensils who accompanied the king into his afterlife appeared before the eyes of scientists.
Several rooms were surrounded by the central premises, where the sarcophagus of the young king was standing, the deceased when he was only 18 years old. All these storerooms were clogged with a mass of things. There were four royal chariots, hidden gold, magnificent royal beds with animals heads, a golden throne, on the back of which from the precious stones the image of the deceased Pharaoh and his wife was made. In wonderful vessels from transparent alabaster stored fragrant ointments. In wooden cases, they found roasted geese and ham - food of the young king in his afterlife. Numerous chests with clothes, jewels, shoes, vessels filled storage rooms.
The entrance was stood the statues of Pharaoh himself, guarding the doors, which led to the central room. When the door was opened, scientists saw a solid golden wall decorated with turquoise tiles. It was a huge box - sarcophagus, who occupied almost the entire room. On one side of the box, there were doors sealed with the name of Tutankhamon and closed on bronze laws. Three thousand years have passed since the stamp of Pharaoh was imposed on these doors, and here they were scrupled, but under the arm of the archaeologist. The first case was removed. Under it was the second, as richly decorated. Sleeple between the first and second sarcophages were also filled with things. Here they lay two magnificent gold peashed out of ostrich feathers, wonderful alabastra vessels and many other most valuable things.
The third coffin was made of expensive carved gilded oak. When he was removed, then the sarcophagus from the pink granite of extraordinary beauty was under it. After removing the lid, scientists saw a gilded bed, on which the sarcophagus was in the form of a ripe mummy. It was covered with sheets of gold and sparkled by precious stones.
The last case in which Mummy Pharaoh Tutankhamon, wrapped in 16 linen pellenes, was made of pure gold. On the face of the mummy there was a golden mask-portrait of a young pharaoh. The mummy found a huge amount of gold jewelry - necklaces and bracelets. On the feet were put on gold forged sandals, fingers and legs were enclosed in golden cases. Treasures found in the tomb of the young king did not have prices. But it was not the richest burial of the Egyptian Vladyk.
Pharaoh Tutankhamon was a minor ruler, with it Egypt did not reach much power and wealth. Above his grave, the pyramid was not erected. In this era of Pharaohs were buried in the valley of the kings, in the tombs chosen in the rock.
What unpretentious wealth should have made the burials of other, more powerful rulers of Egypt! After all, it is not by chance that the Babylonian king wrote the Egyptian pharaoh: "My brother, gold in your country as much as sand."
And, probably, we needed weeks and months to post all the priceless gifts, treasures and sacrificial offering, which were due to the powerful king.
No wonder the inscriptions, found in the pyramids, compare the deceased Pharaoh with the God of the RA Sun, the Supreme Deity of the Egyptians.
"He flies, flying away ... he flies away from you, oh people," says one of the inscriptions. "Not on Earth, he is more, in heaven ... In your roar, he rings, about RA, in your roar it rules in the sky, and when you go out because of the horizon of the East, he swims with you in the rook, about Ra about the sun! ".
But although the texts of the pyramids praised the Divine power of Pharaoh, although powerful walls of the pyramid reliably covered the burial of the king, huge granite sarcophages in the pyramids of the kings of Hufu and Hafra are empty. In antiquity, temples were destroyed at Hafra's pyramid. The huge statues of Pharaoh Hafra were broken and thrown into the well, from where archaeologists were removed during excavations. It was clear that these magnificent statues of the dark solid stone were injured not from time. They were intentionally spoiled, broken into pieces, were crippled.
Even Herodotus, who gathered during his trip to Egypt, stories about Pharaohs - builders of the Pyramid, wrote that the kings of Huf and Hafra, who erected the biggest pyramids, were hated by the people after death. They said that the people brought to despair with unbearable labor, defears, hunger and poverty, rebelled and ruined the tombs of these two most merciless tyrants. Mummy Hufu and Hafra were thrown out of their magnificent tombs and confused on pieces. Statues who perpetuated the memory of these cruel oppressors, the outraged people broke where only they met. And the hated names of Huf and Hafra for many centuries were committed to oblivion, the people avoided call them.
It is easy to imagine, in which a grand rebellion the despair of the semplaries was strengthened, for decades of the huge pyramid of Huf, westing in the construction of a huge pyramid.
Throughout our time, vague legends reached our time. But papyrus, telling about the speeches of the Egyptian poor in later times, they say that the Egyptian people were not a humble sufferer. He tried to protect his freedom from the arbitrariness of the rich. Papyrins repeatedly mention folk unrest, when the despotism of Pharaoh, priests and the rich people were taken from the patience. We rebelled the chambers and kamnesis, depleted by unbearable labor. Handicrafts and peasants rose. They were joined by slaves who worked in quarries, on irrigation canals and dams. They thrashed rich estates, temples, killed oppressors, destroyed the most memory of them, captured in the statues, tombs, and climbing temples.
"The rich is falling asleep, and those who have previously requested his olives, they drink a strong wine .. who had no bread, now there is a barn ...", "says in one of the papyrus, which is called" Epouver Complaint ". "The Earth turned like a Circling Circle: the insignificant owns treasures ... noble complaints, and insignificant happy joy," the priest of Ipouver narrowed with horror.
Apparently, the rebel people managed to capture part of the riches of nobility, land, cattle, the residents for a while in their hands. Operators forced to work in the greatest and humiliating work. Civil war flared up in Egypt.
But from the same papyrus, scientists learned that the previous order was restored, when, according to Ipouver, "the hands of people will build pyramids, dig ponds, plant trees groves for gods; well, when noble people stand, dressed in a thin dress, and Look at the babysitting in their house ... "
These people whose hands were to build pyramids again, were all the same Egyptian poor - artisans, farmers, slaves. On them again, the merciless oppression of taxes, duties, exhausting and hard work.
During the uprising and civil war, churches, royal tips and tombs of the nobility were not built. But when the calm came, Pharaohs and knew began to re-erect the lush burial structures.
In Egypt, even the most significant person did not dare to think about the construction of such a funeral structure as a pyramid. Only Pharaoh, the Son of the Sun, could have such a grand tomb. Tombs of noble Egyptians either burned in a rock, or built of stone or bricks. These were low rectangular structures built over a crypt. The tomb of the Egyptian nobility is usually crowded around the pyramids, like Velmazby and after death they wanted to be closer to Pharaoh.
In these tombs, Mastabach usually there were several premises. The main was the sarcophagus with the body of the deceased. In one of the rooms, things belonging to the owner of the tomb were folded. In a small room, a statue of the deceased was usually stood. The walls of the scale were decorated with painting or painted reliefs. Paints of paints are striking with their brightness and freshness. The vitality and the fineness of the drawing were amazing. But Egyptian artists worked with the help of rather coarse brushes made from pieces of fibrous wood. From one end, such a piece was broken by a stone until he was twisted, forming a rude fringe. Here are such primitive brushes (several brushes with the remains of the paints on them found in the tombs) artists created elegant, scenic images that decorated the walls of the tomb.
Here you can see the scenes of everyday life - harvest, sowing, artisans and farmers at work, hunting, skating on the boat on the boat, dancing girls, the dance of warriors. Simple people, hardworking and talented, were the Egyptian workers depicted at their usual classes.
And not Venels, the owners of the rich, decorated with paintings by MastaB, who brazenly transferred their merits before Pharaoh, indifferent to the construction of these tombs, and humble workers whose names are not named in inscriptions.
They raised the wonderful yields of the Nile Valley. They built irrigation canals and dams, they carved magnificent statues, erected the beautiful temples, decorated the walls of the building with wonderful reliefs, full of vitality. And in these paintings of everyday life, they perpetuated themselves, their inconspicuous work, without which the entire thousand-year culture of Egypt could exist. Not knowing it, they retained to this day on the stone pages of the walls of the stories about their heavy labor life, about the subane existence of some and prosperity of others, about their sorrows, fun and entertainment.
When someone speaks about Egypt, in our imagination the pyramids immediately appear. The real shock turned out that the pyramids of ancient Egypt were built by aliens ...
For many years, researchers in the field of history, undoubtedly, considered the pyramids of the place where the Pharaoh's burial ritual occurred, and another explanation of their existence was recognized as anti-scientific. The evolution of science and technology changed the relationship to the study of the pyramids: scientists found out unforeseen facts about them, which completely change the former ideas about these extraordinary historical buildings.
Today's science is not in a hurry to deny that the pyramids were used in order that even modern technologies have only a meager performance ...
Stories of eyewitnesses about Egyptian architectural monuments
In antiquity it was forbidden to discuss any religious buildings: and the curiosity of slaves in relation to the pyramids ended when they received the official version - the pyramids were a tomb for pharaohs. It turned out to find eyewitnesses to the construction of the pyramids turned out to be a difficult occupation.
Herodotes became the first of them - he was considered the author of the legend that the pyramids were built slaves. He argued that the creation of tobs at different times was attracted from twenty to one hundred thousand workers. And here there is a first contradiction that cannot be discharged.
Herodotus says that for the construction of a Sphinx alone, for example, 2.3 million stone blocks weighing 5 tons each were spent. On the day, the workers were installed 300-350 blocks, which means that they left no more than a few minutes to transfer one block. What force should have people to cope with such exercise?
Ancient Egyptian historian who lived before our era was a realist and did not want to rewrite the story, as Herodota did. In his book, called "History of Egypt", he spoke that 10 thousand years ago gods lived on the territory, transmitted pyramids to the use of Egyptians. The words of the Manephon confirms the inventory stele, erected at the entrance to the pyramid of Heops.
The hieroglyphs it says that the Sphinx statue was restored after heavy rains, blurred its base. But the last time the pouring rains in this country were 7-8 thousand years ago! As soon as the stele became interested in scientists, the Government of Egypt gave an order to climb Stell into the wall of the Cairo Museum.
Details of construction Pyramids, which no one can find explanations
There are other nuances proving that ordinary people could not create pyramids. Contrary to the hypothesis that the Egyptians had special knowledge, lost later, does not pass and years so that the science luminaires could not find a refutation. The version that the structures of this scale were created exclusively as memorials of the deceased kings, initially sounds not very believable.
Uncompromising can be found starting from the material used for construction. This is granite extracted at Aswan Camera throughout the history of the ancient kingdom. The walls of the quarry smooth to this day, which means that granite was filled with a laser or diamond knife, grinding stone during cutting.
It has long been proven that the Egyptians did not possess such instruments of labor. All this confirms that the Egyptians did not build a pyramid: they restored them to maintain a presentable appearance of buildings.
Special technique of grinding cut was used at the final stage of the creation of the pyramids themselves. Duties between the blocks in the pyramids of Heops, Heffren and Joser have perfectly smooth edges that could not be created by the only cutting tool of Egyptians - a copper saw with jazzed edges. On the blocks you can find both traces of drill: the diameter of the hole left them is an average of 2 to 5 cm. Why did the Egyptians, if they really knew how to drill and grind a stone, did not give this skill to descendants?
The basis of the set of pyramids are laid out natural rocks. The base for the pyramid of Heops became a rock, the height of which is at least 10 meters. Its foundation has the perfect shape of the square, and the light-oriented light. The changes in the earth's crust under it prove that the pyramid was "turned" in antiquity: she changed the location of the corners without external natural factors.
Truthful theories about the pyramids who hid many years
Scientists are no longer hiding from the public the fact that with the habitual perception of time and space for a person, finding in the pyramid has little common. The chemical composition of the water changes in it and cleaned from pathogenic bacteria, knives are sharpening about a simple stone, and the time of time seems slow motion.
In the hidden premises of the pyramid of Heops and the pyramids found in the excavations of the Indian Teotiusukan temple, mica plate were found with smooth, mechanically processed edges. The mica is capable of serving the transmitter of energy and information, but this property was openly only a couple of years ago!
A guessed that the pyramid can serve and served as the portal in other worlds and the measurement confirms the historian of the Mannephone. He insisted that part of the pyramids were handed over to the Egyptians the gods Osiris and Isis, who themselves used them to converge into Earth. In the pyramids were kept ritual items, one attitude to which could open a portal or cause creatures from a foreign world.
On the walls of the Teotiusukan Temple in Mexico, where in antiquity and did not hear about the pharaohs, the inscriptions of similar content were found. In 1927, the scientific expedition seized a skull from the pyramid made from polished quartz. Within 10 days, all members of the expedition died one after another with unexplained circumstances. Other skulls were found later, the origin of which no one can explain to this day, and their found them followed by members of the first expedition.
If Maya is in Mexico and caused creatures from the other world with the help of skulls, the Egyptians have a real time car. At the beginning of the 2000s, hieroglyphs, standing about stones, with which you can go to the future were found in Heops Pyramid. Three years later, three stones were found mounted in the gender of the tomb, the temperature of which is 2-3 times lower than the temperature of other stones.
The cold radiated by them is not even a summer heat: temperatures measurement showed that even when the stones are fucked by the meal, the three granite block remains ice to the touch. There are only two hypotheses on their science on their account: either stones although they are in one dimension, but really catch the temperature of the other, or hide the entrance to the room in which there are completely different laws of physics.
The second viable theory of the function of the pyramid is to use it as an antenna or point of receiving the signal of alien civilizations. The pyramid itself is similar to the form similar to the crystal and in its decoration prevails the same material treated in the form of a tetrahedral.
The pyramids enhance the transmission of the signal, and the quartz crystals can serve as a long service life. In the Egyptian scrolls of antiquity, evidence was repeatedly met that knowledge about the use of the crystal was hidden from humanity until it learn to win the evil.
In confirmation of this assumption, scientists found the pyramids on Mars, which today is regarded as a viable planet. Preparing for sending an expedition to colonize the planet, volunteers from among the residents of the Earth are already scored.
What if upon arrival they will find the remains of civilization and failed to defeat the evil on the red planet?
Be interesting with
Interesting facts about Egyptian pyramids Every educated person should know. We suggest telling briefly about this extraordinary phenomenon.
Recall: who and for which the majestic structures built are unknown. An explanation that the pyramids seemed to play the role of tomb for pharaohs - just an assumption.
To completely copy the stars of the stars, lacks only two pyramids! But maybe they exist, are just under the thick sand?
Interestingly, the belt, in the Constellation Orion, has a defined slope.
Constellation "Orion" It is assumed that about 10 thousand years BC The angle of incompreherable line, along which three pyramids are located, and an angle of Orion's belt - also coincided perfectly.
Interesting facts about the three Great Egyptian pyramids
- The shape of these structures is not a stepped, as in neighboring buildings, but strictly geometric, pyramidal. The walls of the pyramids have an angle of inclination from 51 ° to 53 °.
- All faces are oriented exactly by four sides of the world.
- The height of the pyramid varies from 66 to 143 meters. For comparison, it is like 5 nine-storey houses put on each other.
- On average, the blocks of the pyramids weigh 2.5 tons, but there are also those that exceed 80 tons.
- Presumably, the time of construction took only a few decades, and not a century.
- The number of blocks from which the pyramid of Cheops is 2.5 million.
- Cement or any other binder during the construction of the pyramids was not used. Huge stones are just incredibly well laid.
Photo of laying one of the pyramids - Many blocks have an angle of inclination in relation to the base. At the same time, they form such an ideal plane that it seems as if it is a piece of butter cut off by a hot knife. (Is it really done by primitive workers of labor, how do historians convince us?)
- The surface of the pyramid outside was lined with plates (mostly from limestone), forming these wonderful, smooth and smooth sides. At the moment, this coating is preserved only on some tops.
The Great We were considered in a separate article from the heading "", and only add that this is the only pyramid on the Giza Plateau, which was found without traces of the graves of Pharaoh.
Or maybe pyramids are an ancient energy generators? Or cosmic antennas? Remember that many fictions and myths often associate with Egyptian pyramids. If you want to have accurate knowledge - use only scientifically proven facts.
We led you a list of genuine, amazing facts that are characterized by pyramids in the city of Giza.
Have you ever knew anything from this?
* Necropolis (literally "City of the Dead") is a large cemetery from underground crypts, cameras, etc. Necropolis were usually located on the outskirts of the city.
** Plateau - literally "sublime plain". Giza is an ancient Egyptian city, which is now a suburb of Cairo.
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general information
Among the Egyptian pyramids there are huge and scales more compromised, with a smooth surface and stepped, preserved very well and sophisticated breasts. They can be observed in Sakkare and Memphis, Havar and Upper Egypt, Medum and Abusir, El Lahun and Abu Ravasha. However, only some are considered to be the main tourist objects, namely the pyramids in Giza, the suburbs of the Egyptian capital, erected, as it is considered, in the era of the Board of the IV-VI of the Pharaoh Dynasties, which accounted for at the XXVI-XXIII century BC. e.
Looking at these grand creations of human hands, unwittingly thinking: how much strength and time was spent on the construction of such structures that seemed to at least in their scale - absolutely useless. Whether the rules of the 45th centuries ago pharaohs thus wanted to emphasize their own divinity and greatness of their era, whether these structures contain a hidden meaning, our understanding is still inaccessible. But it is difficult to comprehend it, because the secrets are securely covered under the Millennium Plast, and we don't have anything else, how to build guesses and versions, hoping that sooner or later all the secret will definitely be clear ...
Secrets of Egyptian pyramids
Egyptian pyramids are enveloped by the auole of myths and secrets, and over time and the development of science, there are still more than answers. As the proverb says: "Everything is afraid of time in the world, but time itself is afraid of the pyramids." Interest is heated and various theories about the appearance of these majestic monuments. Lovers of mystical consider pyramids with powerful energy sources and believe that Pharaohs conducted time in them not only after death, but also in life to draw strength. There are also completely incredible ideas: for example, some believe that the Egyptian pyramids were built by aliens, and others that the blocks moved people who own a magic crystal. Let's consider the generally accepted and most likely option of the development of events.
Religion in the life of ancient Egypt occupied the dominant position. It formed the worldview of the people, and all his culture. Death was perceived only as a transition to another world, so the preparation for him was supposed to pass ahead of it, in the earthly life. However, the privilege to remain "immortal" was, as was considered, by Pharaoh and members of his family. And he at his discretion could give her and his surrounding. Simparishes were deprived of the rights to the afterlife, with the exception of servants and slaves, which the powerful ruler "took" with him. A comfortable "existence" of a high-ranking dead man should not interfere, so it was supplied with all necessary - food reserves, homemade utensils, weapons, serving.
First, the rulers were burner in special "houses after life", and so that the body of Pharaoh remained on the century, it was embarrassed. These early funeral buildings - Mastabi - appeared during the first dynasties. They consisted of an underground funeral chamber and an overhead part in the form of a stone structure, where chapels were equipped and a funeral inventory was located. In the context, these tombs resembled a trapezoid. They were built in Abidos, Nagadea, Upper Egypt. The main necropolis of the then capital of the first dynasties - the city of Memphis was located in Sakkare.
The actual tombs of the pyramidal form began to build about 5 millennia ago. The initiator of their construction was Pharaoh Joser (or verine), the first in the III dynasty of the ancient kingdom. The construction of the necropolis named after this ruler was led by the Supreme Sinovnik and the famous architect of his time Imhotep, who was hardly equal to the Divine. If you discard all the fantastic versions about the contacts of the then rulers with aliens and proceed from the fact that these structures still built people on their own, then the scale of the work, their labor intensiveness cannot not impress. Specialists tried to establish their chronology and character, and here to which results they came. Since the pyramids are stacked from stone blocks, then the question immediately arose: where and how did they get them? It turned out in the rocks ...
Having placing the shape in the rock and hanging down the grooves, dry trees were inserted into them, which watered water. They expanded from moisture and created cracks in the rock, facilitating the process of excavating blocks. Then they are immediately, on the spot was subjected to tools and, giving the right shape, sent to the place of construction. But how did the Egyptians raised these heavy arrays up? At first they were immersed on wooden sleigh and pulled themselves on gentle embankments. According to modern standards, such technologies look backwards. However, the quality of work is at the highest level! Megalithites are so tightly adjacent to each other that there are practically no discrepancies.
The pyramid of Josher, located in Sakkara, is considered the very first pyramid in Egypt and the oldest of the world that remained in the world in the world (its size is 125 by 115 meters at a height of 62 meters). She was erected in 2670 BC. e. And it has the type of construction with six huge lined steps. Due to such an unusual form of it in those distant times called the "false pyramid". The attention of the travelers of the Pyramid Goser began to attract from the Middle Ages, and this interest does not dry up so far.
The architect originally did not plan to build such a pyramid. Step tomb has become in the construction process. In the presence of steps, the symbolic meaning is clearly guessed: the deceased Pharaoh should have climbed into heaven. From previous necropolis, this construction was also different because it was built from stone, not bricks. And one more feature: the presence of a very wide and deep vertical mine, on top of a closed dome. In the pyramids, built later, there is nothing like that. No smaller interest of archaeologists and egyptologists cause marble debris under the sarcophagus, on which carved images resembling stars are visible. This is clearly fragments of a certain unknown structure, but what exactly no one knows.
Joser's pyramid was intended not only for himself, and it also differs from other similar structures. In the burial chambers, they are only 12, the ruler and members of his family were buried. The archaeologists found a mummy of 8-9-year-old boy, apparently, son. But the body of the very pharaoh could not be discovered. Perhaps he belonged to the mummified heel found here. Even in antiquity, it is believed to have a robbers penetrated into the tomb, which is certainly kidding her dead "host."
However, the version of the robbery does not seem so unequivocal. During the examination of the internal galleries, decorations made of gold, bowls from porphyra, clay and stone jugs and other valuables. Why thieves did not bring all this wealth? Historians interested and prints made on small clay vessels. They brought the name "Sechal", translated as a "mighty body". It clearly belonged to the unknown pharaoh of one of the powerful dynasties. Everything said that the construction of another pyramid was launched here in ancient times, but for some reason he was not brought to the end. Even discovered empty sarcophagus, the inner state of which made it possible to conclude that no one was buried here ...
As for the actual Pyramid of Goser, the attraction is well preserved to the present day and is open to visiting tourists. Entrance to it, as in other facilities on the territory, is from the northern side. Inside leads tunnel equipped with columns. The Northern Temple, the location of which on the ground appears from the very name, is a single architectural ensemble with a pyramid. It was conducted by funeral services and made sacrifices in the name of Pharaoh.
Egyptian pyramids in Giza
The so-called great pyramids located in Giza are most famous among all Egyptian pyramids, which is the third largest city in the modern Arab Republic of Egypt, whose population is almost 3 million people. Megapolis spread on the West Bank of Nile, about 20 km from Cairo and is the actual suburb of the capital.
Great Pyramids Giza today are the most popular monuments of antiquity in the country. For many years, their visit has become almost ritual for tourists. Fly to Egypt and not to see with your own eyes these majestic structures? It is impossible to imagine it! Many travelers even consider this place spiritual, associated with space, and to visit here it becomes akin to some healing. Recent studies have shown that the builders of necropolias were surprisingly accurately sent them to the Orion's constellation belt, which is still visible while still undeveloped meaning. Interestingly, their faces are oriented on the sides of the Sun, and is done with the same accuracy.
Egyptian pyramids in Giza are undoubtedly an extremely impressive spectacle. Their sandstone facades reflect sunlight: in the morning they are pink, the day is golden and become dark-bugs with the onset of twilight. It is impossible not to admire the feat of engineering thought and organization, as a result of which millions of stone blocks were transported from one place to another and accurately laid on each other without power plants and lifting equipment.
The complex of the Great Pyramids constitutes the tomb of the three ancient rulers - Heops, Heffren and Mikherina. Unlike the preceding "houses after life" (macabes), the necropolis is inherent in a strict pyramidal form. Moreover, the first one is the only one of the seven wonders of the world that have come down to this day.
Heops Pyramid (Hufu)
You can tell about the pyramid of Heops (or Hofu) for a long time and a lot, but the story in any case will be incomplete because it continues to keep in themselves a lot of undisclosed secrets. One of them is the focus on the North Pole. At the meridian: the monumental structure "looks" to the Polar star. I am striking how the ancient architects could make such accurate calculations without having modern astronomical instruments on their hands. This accuracy has even a smaller error than the famous Paris Observatory.
Heops, the second pharaoh of the fourth dynasty of ancient Egypt, reigning 27 years old, has the fame of the ruler of cruel and despotic. He literally extended the resources of his kingdom, sending them to the construction of the pyramid. The merciless was also to his people, forcing him to unbearable work on the construction of his posthumous "housing." The Great Pyramid was built in three stages, which evidence the corresponding number of cameras. The first, its area is 8 at 14 meters, outstretched deep into the rock, second (5.7 x 5.2 m) - under the vertex of the pyramid. The third chamber is the only one of them completed - and became the tomb of Pharaoh. It should be said about it. From the West to the East stretched 10.4 m, and 5.2 m - from the south to the north. Granite slabs, which are faced with the room, will be driven to each other impeccable. Nine monolithic blocks form the ceiling, their total weight is 400 tons.
Each camera has its own "entrance hall", connected with neighboring mini corridors. At first, the entrance to the tomb was from the northern side and was located above the base at an altitude of 25 meters. You can currently enter the pyramid from another place, and this entrance is not so high. Builders could hardly assume that several thousand years of their brainchild will become a tourist attraction, so the 40-meter corridor was made not only narrow, but also low. Numerous tourists have to overcome him crumbling. The corridor ends with a wooden staircase. It leads to the same low room, which is the center of all necropolis.
Heopse pyramid height is more than 146 meters - this is an "growth" of a 50-storey skyscraper. After the Great Wall of China, it is the biggest building erected ever for all human history. The attraction is not in "loneliness", there are several other buildings around it. Of these, only three satellite pyramids and the ruins of the clock temple have reached this day. Obviously, for their construction, no less effort was applied. According to the most common version, the satellite pyramids were intended for the ruler's wives.
Pyramid Hefrena (Hafra)
Pharaoh named Hefren was the Son, or Brother Heops and reign after him. His pyramid, located near, is somewhat less, however, at first glance, perceived as more significant. And all because it stands on some elevation. Hefren's pyramid was found when conducting archaeological excavations in 1860. The tomb of this ancient Egyptian ruler "protects" the famous Sphinx, which has the appearance of a lion lying on the sand, whose person may have given the features of Heffren himself. Being an oldest monumental sculptures preserved on our planet (its length is 72 m, height is 20 m), it is interesting in itself. Egyptologists tend to think that the tips of the two pharaohs together with the Sphinx are a single funeral complex. Slaves are believed to the construction of this pyramid were not involved: free workers were hired for this purpose ...
Top Pyramid HefrenaPyramid Micherina (Mencar)
And finally, the Pyramid of Mikherina is the third in the complex of great monuments of Giza. She is also known as the Pyramid of Mencar, wears the name of the fifth pharaoh of the fourth Ancient Egyptian dynasty. About this ruler is known a little - only the fact that he was the son of Heops (at least she argued the ancient Greek historian Herodotus). This necropolis is called the "younger brother" of the two above-mentioned assfilms: it was built later than the rest and the most of them is low, its height is a little more than 65 meters. Such humble dimensions indicate the decline of the ancient kingdom, the lack of resources necessary for the construction of resources.
However, the monumentality of structures as such from this was not injured. For example, the weight of one of the blocks used in the construction of a clocking church exceeds 200 tons, which makes it the most severe in the giza plateau. Just imagine what kind of inhuman efforts needed to be attached to hoisting this mahuine in place. And the majestic statue of Pharaoh himself, squeezing inside the temple! It is among the biggest sculptures that personify that mysterious era ... from the Pyramid of Micheryne, as with the smallest, could begin the destruction of the entire historical and architectural complex in Giza, conceived by the Sultan al-Malik Al-Aziza, which was ruled at the end of the XII century. Work on the dismantling of necropolis lasted about a year, but the practical result was minimal. Sultan ultimately was forced to minimize them, because it, how to say, stupid and not justified the idea led to the excessive costs.
Sphinx
At the base of the sacred bulk road, once connecting the pyramid of Hefren with the Nile, is a Sphinx - a mysterious sculpture with Hefren's head attached to the lion's body. In Egyptian mythology, the sphinxes were guardian deities, and this sculpture is a protective monument with a length of 73 m and a height of 20 m. After the death of Pharaoh, the body of the sphinx gradually entered the sands of the desert. Tutamum IV believed that the statue appealed to him and said that he would become a pharaoh if he clears the sand that he had hurried to do. Since then, the ancient Egyptians believed that the monument possesses prophetic abilities.
Museum of Solar Puddle
Behind the pyramid of Heops there is a solar turf museum, where the beautifully renovated cedar sword is stored, at which the body of the Dead Pharaoh was transported from the East to the West Coast of the Nile.
Useful information for tourists
The complex of the Great Pyramids in Giza is open to a visit from 8:00 to 17:00 daily. The exception is the winter months (time of work until 16:30) and the sacred for Muslims the month of Ramadan when access closes at 15:00.
Some travelers believe that if the pyramids are open-air and are not a museum in the literal sense of the word, then here you can feel freely, climbing and climbing these facilities. Remember: do it is categorically prohibited - in the interests of your safety!
Before agreeing to go to the pyramids, objectively appreciate its psychological state and physical health. Persons who have fear of closed spaces (claustrophobia), this part of the excursion is better to skip. Due to the fact that inside the tomb is usually dry, hot and a little dusty, it is not recommended to enter astmatics, hypertensive and suffering from other diseases of the cardiovascular and nervous system.
How much will the tourist cost an excursion to the zone of the Egyptian pyramids? The cost has several components. The entrance ticket to it will cost you 60 Egyptian pounds, which is equivalent to about 8 euros. Want to go to the pyramid of Heops? For this will have to pay 100 pounds or 13 euros. Inspection from the inside of the peyramid of Hefren is much cheaper - 20 pounds or 2.60 euros.
Separately, a visit to the Museum of the Solar Nuda, which is the south of the Hoeop Pyramid (40 pounds or 5 euros). Pictures in the pyramid zone are allowed, but for the right to take pictures will have to pay 1 euro. A visit to other pyramids in the territory of Giza - for example, Mother and Wives of Pharaoh Hefrena - not payable.
Many tourists admit that, after acquaintance with the main attractions, to leave this amazing place, literally impregnated with the spirit of antiquity, I absolutely do not want. In such cases, you can rent camels for unhurried walks. Their holders wait for customers right at the foot of the pyramids. For their services, they can call an overestimated price. Do not agree on it immediately, bargain, and you will be discount.
- Hoeop's pyramid is the only surviving miracle of the world.
- The pyramids were built two centuries and were erected several immediately. Now, on research on various scientists, their age is from 4 to 10 thousand years.
- In addition to accurate mathematical proportions, the pyramids possess another feature in this area. Stone blocks are located in such a way that there are no gaps between them, even the finest blade will not climb there.
- Each side of the pyramid is located in the direction of one side of the world.
- Hope's pyramid, the largest in the world, reaches a height of 146 meters, and its weight is more than six million tons.
- If you want to know how Egyptian pyramids were created, interesting facts about construction can be obtained from the pyramids themselves. On the walls of the passages depicted construction scenes. The edges of the pyramids are arched for one meter so that they can accumulate solar energy. Thanks to this, the pyramids could reach thousands of degrees and make an incomprehensible roe from such a heat.
- For the pyramid of Heops, an ideal direct foundation was made, so the faces differ from each other only five centimeters.
- The first built pyramid dated 2670 a year BC. e. In his own way, it resembles several pyramids located next to each other. The architect created a type of masonry that helped achieve such an effect.
- Hope's pyramid was created from 2.3 million blocks, perfectly even and suitable for each other.
- Buildings like Egyptian pyramids are also found in Sudan, where they later picked up the tradition.
- Archaeologists managed to find a village in which the builders of the pyramids lived. The brewery and bakery were discovered there.
How to get
Tourists from Russia and CIS countries usually prefer to spend holidays in Sharm El Sheikh or Hurghada and often want to combine rest on the magnificent beaches with a visit to the Pyramid complex in Giza. Because the resorts are far enough from the title city, it is possible to get only as part of the excursion group. If you go by bus, then on the way will have to spend from 6 to 8 hours. The plane will turn out faster: take it in just 60 minutes. You can get to the car with the driver. It is much more comfortable, but it will noticeably hit the wallet.
In a more winning position there are those who rest in Cairo, or stays in the Egyptian capital on a business trip. They can use the bus (routes No. 900 and 997) or Metro (Yellow Line No. 2, exit at Giza Station). Alternatively, you can call a taxi or catch it on Tahrir Square. The trip will cost more than public transport, but it will get faster, in half an hour. On the same machine it will be possible to return and back, only to pay for a little more.
You can get into Giza from the capital, Seving in the area of \u200b\u200bNew Cairo (He Helopolis) on the bus, which follows one of two routes: No. 355 or No. 357. These comfortable vehicles run every 20 minutes are labeled by a hundred percent. They are easy to find out. The final stop is just before entering the pyramid zone, at the intersection.
3-04-2017, 11:17 |
Egyptian pyramids are those wonders of the world that the person's attention is attracted for many centuries. Mysterious structures, the construction of which no one can explain exactly. One of the most interesting is the mystery of the Egyptian pyramids.
It is known that Napoleon in the XVIII century. Not yet, the emperor of France wanted to visit inside. He was attracted during the Egyptian campaign mystical legends. He stayed inside about 20 minutes. And then came out very puzzled and even a little frightened, silently with the difficulty sowing on the horse he returned to his headquarters. However, no one else knows that he struck Napoleon then, he took this mystery with him.
And for a lot of time, scientists, Egyptologists and simple crisps are trying to understand the main function. But now the pyramids are a big riddle, which our ancestors left us. No one can say how they were built and for which they were intended.
Mystery of the Pyramids of Ancient Egypt
Over the past 20-30 years, interest in Egypt's pyramids has grown very much. But still it is definitely not known what their appointment was. Very much found Egyptologists who have not seen in the pyramids only the tomb of pharaohs. Opposite many scientists put forward other versions and some of them are able to change the presentation of a modern person about ancient civilizations. It remains a big mystery to a person, it is very difficult to imagine that such structures were built to only get buried Pharaoh. It was very grand their construction, and there were a lot of strength.
One of the Arab historians who lived in the XIV century. He wrote about the pyramid of Heops. In his opinion, it was built on the orders of the mythical sage Hermes of the Trismegist. He ordered to build 30 treasure storage facilities, they were filled with jewels and various tools. Another Arab traveler who lived in the same age claimed that the pyramids were erected before the start of the flood. They were built to keep books and other valuable items.
In ancient Egypt, the mighty pharaoh ruled, there were crowds of slaves in their submission. Pharaohs Hofu, Hafra and Mencares are known as the most important. But the problem is that in these three pyramids there are no confirmations in the form of inscriptions of hieroglyphs or mummies indicating that these are their pyramids.
On September 17, 2002, a message appeared in the media that several researchers intend to visit the cache, which was discovered in. It was going to do it with a special robot. It was equipped with a camera. Everyone was waiting for the mystery of the pyramid will be revealed. But all x was waiting for disappointment, it was not possible to penetrate. This is due to the design of the pyramids. After some kind of construction stage, it is no longer possible to penetrate into some rooms.
Mystery of the internal content of the pyramids
In 1872, the British scientist Dickson talked one of the chambers, the so-called chamber of the queen. When climbing, he found emptiness, then quirk destroyed the thin wall of the facing. He managed to detect two holes of equal sizes of 20 cm. Dickson and his like-minded people decided, then these are galleries for ventilation.
Already in 1986, French experts applied a special apparatus and already with the help of technology also found cavities that were thicker than another stone masonry. Then already specialists from Japan applied special modern electronic devices. They enlightened the rest of the area before the Sphinx. Studies have shown a lot of voids in the form of labyrinths, but it was not possible to get. And those rooms that scientists could explore did not give results. There was no mummy or generally some remnants of material culture.
So the question arises - where all the contents - the sarcophagus or jewels were having ever. It may be correctly nominated by Egyptologists a version that in a few centuries in the pyramid we visited the robbers and took everything with them. But now many people think that the ties were empty initially, even before the entrance was inspired.
The mystery of the penetration of the caliph to the Egyptian pyramid
In proof of the theory that there was initially empty to bring one historical fact. In IX, in Caliph Abdalla Al-Mamoun with his squad entered. When they were inside in the king's chamber, they had to find treasures there, which were buried on the legend with Pharaoh. But there was nothing found. Everything was seemed to be cleaned, clean walls and floors and empty sarcophages appeared before the caliph.
This refers not only to these pyramids in Giza, but to all the dynasties built by III and IV. In these pyramids, no body of Pharaoh has never been found, neither some signs of burial. And in some, there were not even sarcophagus. This is also another mystery ..
In Sakkara, he was opened in 1954. In her sarcophagus was. When scientists found it, he was still sealed, which means that there were no robbers there. So in the end, it turned out to be empty. There is a hypothesis that the pyramids are a special place that was sacralized. There is an opinion that a person entered one of the chambers of the pyramid, and then left the already deified. However, it does not look like a rational assumption. The most faith is assumed that Mamun found in the pyramid of the cards, which were compiled by representatives of highly developed civilization.
In confirmation of this, you can learn the next event. After returning from Egypt, the Khalifa creates the map of the earth's surface and the most accurate directory of stars - "Damascus tables" at that time. Based on this, we can assume that some secret knowledge was kept in the depths of the pyramid, which later were in the hands of Mamuna. He takes them away with him in Bogdad.
Alternative approach to the study of Egyptian pyramids
There is another approach to the study of the mystery of the pyramids. According to studies of geologists - the pyramid is a concrete pyramidal bunch. Due to its form, the pyramid can accumulate this energy. Such a study is still quite young, but many are engaged in them. Such studies are carried out only from the 1960s. There are even the facts allegedly that the blades of the razor, who were, for some time inside the pyramid became sharp.
It is believed that the pyramid has become a place to process energy to another more convenient energy. Then it was used for some other things.
This theory goes far beyond the borders of official science. However, she still exists and she has its own followers. Different scientists are trying to discover the secrets of these structures in different ways. There are many ambiguities. Even elementary - as such massive structures have been preserved for thousands of years. Their construction looks so reliable that it forces many to think about the secret sense of the pyramids.
Already proven fact that most of the buildings of other ancient civilizations have long collapsed. Archaeologists make great efforts to find them and somehow restore. But only the upper cladding fell from the pyramid. The rest of their design symbolizes reliability.
The mystery of the construction of Egyptian pyramids.
Already from the XIX century. Many Egyptologists explore the structure of the pyramids. And they were made astounding conclusions. No one can open the secret of the construction of Egyptian tomb. However, it has been proven that the size of the plates is selected with an accuracy of a millimeter. Each plate has a size identical to the previous one. And the joints between them are so correctly performed that it does not allow to push even the blade. It's just incredible. As residents in the distant time could build so right, without having some technical innovation.
The width is calculated between the granite blocks of 0.5 mm. It is brilliantly and is not amenable to explain. This accuracy that modern devices have. But this is not the only mystery in construction. Straight corners are still amazed and accurate symmetry between the four parties. But even more important secret consists of who still brought several stone blocks to such a large height. The main version lies that the pyramids were built. But there is a problem with the evidence base. Some nuances do not fit into this version. It is not clear how with those technical and mechanical solutions managed to build so massive structures.
Mystery of the construction technology of Egyptian pyramids
There are assumptions that simply modern person does not present at all about what construction technologies were used. But it is impossible without modern jacks and other tools will build what was built.
Sometimes versions are made simply at first glance absurd - what they were for technology, they may be brought here any alien civilizations here. Even with all the achievements of a modern person, it would be difficult to repeat such construction. This could be done, but the construction itself was hard. And here is another mystery that you are with your pyramid.
Those pyramids that are located in Giza contain also sphinx and valleys, and here you have another mystery. With their construction, the plates in the mass of almost 200 tons were used. And here it becomes incomprehensible how the blocks moved to the right place. Yes, and 200 tons - this is not the limit of the opportunities of the Egyptians. On the territory of Egypt there are architectural structures weighing 800 tons.
It is also interesting that there were no hints around the complex that such boulders from somewhere dragged or moved to the construction site. Not found anything. Hence the assumption of lemitment techniques is put forward. Based on the myths and legends of the ancient peoples, it is possible to extract the mass of useful information in this regard. Some of them directly or indirectly indicate the existence of such equipment. You can even detect images that look like a tank or helicopter. In principle, for those who adhere to an alternative version of the construction of the pyramids such a theory explains a lot.
Egyptian pyramids and secrets around them
Of course, even alternative versions, if you can not be discouraged with bills. Every scientist or a simple person can go and see what kind of structures. It immediately becomes clear that not the primitive construction of some slaves. It is not even a construction exclusively manual labor. If you follow logic, there must be some unknown construction system, and again is not simple. An example is the construction of mass and reliable structures using special technologies, so far not disclosed by modern researchers.
Now there are about three dozen different hypotheses that are trying to reveal the secrets of the pyramids. Most Egyptologists adhere to the use of inclined planes, but still historians are not architects. But they put on other versions. They definitely determined to pave the inclined plane of K, then it would be necessary to make an inscription more than 1.5 km. Moreover, the volume of the inscription would exceed three times the volume of the pyramid itself. There is still a question about how to build. It would be impossible to build from the simple soil, because they would have to settle over time and under the weight of the blocks.
Another mystery is that the tools used blocks for construction. And generally built in general. One way or another, now it is impossible to stick to the unequivocal version in this matter. There is a lot of secreted so far for a person. The rational versions are also provided here and for some absurd. However, there are such versions, and the story is an objective thing. And therefore, such alternative versions also have the right to exist.
Mystery of Egyptian pyramids video