It is called the most severe of all the northern seas, located at a large distance from the warm waters of the Atlantic Ocean. The East Siberian Sea, washing the northern shores of Russia in the East, literally freezes with all its shallow water.
The sea, on the outskirts of the Arctic Ocean, is located along the northern shores of Eastern Siberia between the Novosibirsk Islands and Wrangel Island, conditionally administrative shores belong to Yakutia and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Most of it is outlined by conventional lines, and only from the side adjacent to Russia, nature created its borders. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe sea is quite large: 944,600 sq. Km, provided that you cannot call it deep (an average of 54 m).
Borders are considered to be at the intersection of the meridians with the islands of Kotelny, Wrangel and Cape Anisy, Blossom, Yakan and the Holy Nose. There are practically no islands, the entire coastline is deeply cut into the land or protrudes from the sea and forms large bends, small convolutions lead to river mouths.
As for the nature of the coastline, the eastern one does not at all resemble the western one. So in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Novosibirsk Islands and the mouth of the Kolyma there is a tundra dotted with swamps, the relief is quite gentle and low, but closer to Ayon Island, the coast takes on a mountainous landscape. Almost mounds approach the shores of the water, in some places abruptly breaking off.
The underwater relief is flat and homogeneous throughout. Only in some areas is there a depth of up to 25 m. Experts call them the remains of ancient river valleys.
Often this sea is called an important part of the trade route through which goods are transported to the northern regions of Eastern Siberia. The large port of Pevek operates here, and it carries out transit movements from the West to the East of the country.
(Sea trade and transport port of Pevek)
The East Siberian Sea can hardly be called a fishing hub in Russia. For the most part, marine animals are harvested in waters adjacent to land. Locals catch European smelt, capelin, cod and herring here. Near river mouths, valuable whitefish sturgeon and salmon are caught. However, this type of activity does not make a serious economic contribution to the development of the country and the region.
Already from the name it can be seen that this sea is located off the northern coast. The borders East Siberian Sea predominantly are conventional lines, and only in some parts is it limited to land. From the west, the sea border runs along Kotelny and further along the eastern border. The northern border coincides with the edge of the mainland. From the east, the border of the sea runs along the meridian of 1800 east longitude, before - along the northwest coast of this island to Cape Blossom and Cape Yakan, located on the mainland. From the southern part it is limited by the coastline of the mainland (from Cape Yakan to Cape Svyatoy Nos).
The waters of this sea are well connected with the waters of the Arctic Ocean; therefore, the East Siberian Sea belongs to the type of continental marginal seas. Within the outlined border, the area of \u200b\u200bthis sea is 913 thousand km2. The volume of water is approximately equal to 49 thousand km 3. The sea depth averages 54 m, the maximum depth is 915 m.
Very few islands are located in the waters of the East Siberian Sea. The coastline of the sea has large bends. Thus, in some places the sea pushes the boundaries of land inland, and in some places the land appears in the sea. There are also sections with an almost flat coastline. Small convolutions are formed mainly in the estuaries. The western and eastern coasts of the East Siberian Sea are very different. The coast, which washes the sea from to the mouth of the Kolyma, has a fairly uniform. Here the sea borders with swampy areas. These places are characterized by low and gentle shores. The coast, located east of Kalyma, has a more diverse landscape, mainly mountains prevail here. To the island of Ayon, the sea borders on small hills, which sometimes have steep slopes. In the area of \u200b\u200bChaun Bay there are low but steep shores.
The underwater relief of the space occupied by the East Siberian Sea represents. This plain has a slight slope from the southwest to the northeast. The bottom of the sea is mostly flat, without significant depressions and elevations. Most of the water expanses of the East Siberian Sea have a depth of 20–25 m. The deepest are located at the bottom of the sea in the northeastern part of the mouths of the Indigir and Kolyma rivers. There is an assumption that these gutters used to be areas of river valleys. But later these rivers were flooded by the sea. The western part of the sea is characterized by a shallow depth, this area is called the Novosibirsk Sandbank. In the northeast of the sea are quite deep places. But even here the depth does not exceed 100 m.
East-Siberian Sea
The East Siberian Sea is located in high latitudes, close to permanent ice. Also, the sea borders on a wide part of the mainland. In connection with this location of the East Siberian Sea, it has a distinctive feature: the sea is under the influence of the Atlantic and. Cyclones that have formed above sometimes enter the western part of the sea. Eastern areas of the sea are available for Pacific origin. Thus, the climate of the East Siberian Sea can be described as the polar marine, which is greatly influenced by the continent. The peculiarity of the continental climate is significantly manifested in winter and summer. In transitional seasons, they do not significantly affect, since during these periods the processes are unstable.
In winter, the Siberian maximum has a great influence on the climate of the East Siberian Sea. This leads to the predominance of southwestern and southern, the speed of which reaches 6 - 7 m / s. These winds move from the continent and therefore contribute to the spread of cold air. The average temperature in January is approximately - 28 - 30 ° С. In winter, the weather is mostly clear. Only sometimes, cyclones for several days violate the established calm weather. Atlantic cyclones, which prevail in the western part of the sea, contribute to the strengthening of the wind and increase. Pacific cyclones that prevail in the southeastern part of the sea bring strong winds and cloudy weather. On coasts with a mountainous landscape, the Pacific cyclone promotes the formation of a strong wind - a hairdryer. As a result of this gale, there is a rise in temperature, while air becomes less.
In summer, over the sea are formed, and over land - low. In this regard, winds blowing mainly from the north. At the beginning of the warm season, the winds are still not gaining enough strength, but by the middle of summer their average speed is 6 - 7 m / s. By the end of summer, the western part of the sea turns into a zone of strong storms. At this time, this section becomes the most dangerous on the entire route of the Northern Sea Route. Very often the wind speed reaches 10 - 15 m / s. In the southeastern part of the sea, such strong winds are not observed. The wind speed here can only increase due to hair dryers. Constant winds of the north and north-east directions contribute to the preservation of low air temperatures. In the northern part of the sea, the average July temperature is about 0 - + 1 ° С, in coastal areas the temperature is slightly higher +2 - 3 ° С. The temperature of the northern part of the sea is affected by the influence of ice. In the southern part of the sea, proximity to a warm mainland contributes to an increase in temperature. The East Siberian Sea is characterized by cloudy summers. It rains very often, and occasionally even wet snow.
East-Siberian Sea
In autumn, the influence of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans is weakened, which affects the decline. Thus, the East Siberian Sea is characterized by cold summers; unstable windy weather in the western and eastern parts of the sea in the summer-autumn period and calm in the central territories.
A small amount of river water flows into the East Siberian Sea. During the year, the volume is approximately 250 km 3. (the largest river flowing into this sea) brings about 132 km 3 per year. Another Indigirka gives 59 km 3. The remaining rivers flowing into the East Siberian Sea are small, therefore they discharge small volumes of water. The greatest amount of fresh water flows into the southern part of the sea. The maximum flow is in summer. Due to the small amount, fresh water does not reach far into the sea, but mainly spreads near river mouths. Due to the fact that the East Siberian Sea is large, the river flow does not significantly affect it.
The waters of the East Siberian Sea are relatively clean. Only in Pevek Bay there is a slight pollution of water, but recently the ecological situation has improved. The waters of the Chaun Bay are slightly contaminated with hydrocarbons.
It is already evident from the name of this natural reservoir that it is located in the region of the northern coast of Eastern Siberia. The borders of the sea are mainly represented by conventional lines. Only in some parts is it limited to land. Before the beginning of the 20th century, the sea had several names, including the Indigir and Kolyma. Now it is called the East Siberian.
After reading the article, you can find out more detailed information about this reservoir: characteristics, climatic conditions. The resources of the East Siberian Sea and current problems are also described here.
Location
Entirely the sea is beyond the Arctic Circle. Its southernmost point is located off the coast of Chaun Bay. All its shores belong to the territory of Russia. The sea is located in the Arctic Ocean. This is a place where the influence of the warm waters of the Atlantic Ocean is almost not felt, and the waters of the Pacific have not yet reached it.
The East Siberian Sea is marginal. There are Novosibirsk islands (border with the Laptev Sea), Aion, Medvezhye and Shalaurova. The sea itself is located between the Novosibirsk islands and the Wrangel island. By straits it connects with the Chukchi and the Laptev Sea.
Description and specifications
In the central and western parts of the coast there are slopes, and two lowlands adjoin the coast: Nizhne-Kolymskaya and Yano-Indigirskaya. To the coast of the eastern part (east of the mouth of the Kolyma), the spurs of the Chukchi Highlands approach. In places, rocky cliffs formed here. On the island of Wrangel, on its western coast, they reach up to 400 meters in height. On the site of the Novosibirsk Islands, the coastline is monotonous and low. The sea bed is formed by the shelf, in which the relief is more flat, and it is inclined slightly in the northeast direction.
Deeper places are characteristic of the eastern region. The sea here has a depth of up to 54 meters, in the central and western parts - up to 20 meters, and in the northern regions - up to 200 meters (isobath - the border of the sea). The largest depth of the East Siberian Sea is about 915 meters, and the average is 54 meters. In other words, this reservoir is completely within the limits of the mainland.
The surface of the water is 944,600 square meters. km Sea water communicates with the waters of the Arctic Ocean, in this regard, the reservoir belongs to the type of marginal mainland seas. The volume is approximately 49 thousand cubic meters. km Almost all year round, the air temperature is below zero, therefore the sea waters are always covered with drifting large ice floes several meters thick.
Salinity
The East Siberian Sea in the eastern and western parts has different salinity values. Due to river runoff, a decrease in salt concentration occurs in the eastern part. This figure here is about 10-15 ppm. At the confluence of large rivers with the sea, salinity practically disappears. Closer to the icy fields, the concentration increases to 30 units. Salinity also increases with depth, where it can reach 32 ppm.
Relief
The coastline has large bends. In this regard, in some places the sea pushes the boundaries of land inland, and in some places, on the contrary, the land extends far into the sea. There are also areas with an almost flat coastline. Small convolutions are mainly observed at river mouths.
The east and west coasts have very different terrain. The coast washed by the sea from the mouth of the Kolyma River to the Novosibirsk Islands has an almost uniform landscape. A pond in these places borders on marshy tundra. The shores here are gentle and low.
A more diverse landscape is observed on the coast, formed east of the Kalyma River, but mountains prevail here. The sea to the island of Ayon borders on small hills, some of which have rather steep slopes. The region of Chaun Bay is characterized by low steep banks.
A large area of \u200b\u200bthe seabed is covered with a small sedimentary cover. Islands in the East Siberian Sea are few. Most of them are formed due to the foundation. According to the results of studies (aeromagnetic surveys), it was determined that the composition of the shelf sediments mainly includes sandy silt, pebbles and boulders fragmented. There are suggestions that some of them are fragments of islands. They are spread throughout the ice. To a greater extent, due to the prevalence of the flat topography, the depth of the East Siberian Sea is only 20–25 meters.
Hydrology
Almost the whole year the pond is covered with ice. In the eastern areas, even in summer, you can see perennial floating ice. From coasts they are driven away by continental winds to the north. The ice drifts northwest due to the circulation of water, which is affected by anticyclones at the North Pole.
The area of \u200b\u200bthe cyclonic circulation increases, and perennial ice floes from the polar latitudes come to the sea after the weakening of the anticyclone. To date, the system of currents in this reservoir has not been fully studied. But with confidence it can be argued that the cyclonic nature is characteristic of the water circulation of these places.
This reservoir is characterized, in comparison with other representatives of the Arctic Ocean basin, by a not very high river flow. The rivers of the East Siberian Sea are not numerous. The largest river flowing into the sea is the Kolyma. Its flow is approximately 132 cubic meters. km per year. The second by the same characteristic is the Indigirka River, which brings in half the volume of water over the same period. All this slightly affects the general hydrological situation.
The average annual rainfall is from 100 to 200 mm. Due to the absence of gutters with great depths in the sea and due to the fact that a large area is represented by shallow water, surface waters occupy vast spaces.
Climate
In winter, the East Siberian Sea is influenced by the south and southwest winds. Their speed is about 7 meters per second. Also in winter, the Siberian maximum has a great influence on the sea climate. Pacific cyclones, prevailing in the southeastern parts of the sea, bring snowstorms, strong winds and rather cloudy weather with constantly drizzling rain or wet snow.
Flora and fauna
The fauna and flora of the East Siberian Sea is similar to the fauna and flora of the neighboring Laptev Sea, since both of them are typically arctic. The same mammals and birds, the same fish as in many other northern seas. Seals, narwhals, sea hares and walruses live here. Polar bears have inhabited the islands. These places are also chosen by a huge number of nesting birds. You can meet geese here: a white-faced and a goosebird. The eider comb and the rather rare black goose also inhabit. Big bird markets are gathering: warriors, gulls, guillemots.
Sea animals are harvested and fished in coastal waters only by local people. It should be noted that in areas of river estuaries one can see large schools of white fish here. Phytoplankton of the sea is represented by blue-green and diatoms. Winged mollusks and shellfish sometimes appear. The soil abounds with polychaetes, amphipod crustaceans and isopods. Representatives of mammals are belugas, seals, walruses and cetaceans (especially minke whales).
The resources of the East Siberian Sea in terms of flora and fauna are relatively poor. This is due, first of all, to rather severe climate conditions. Only the most frost-resistant representatives have taken root in these places.
In conclusion about the problems
The problems of the East Siberian Sea are similar to those of most northern seas. For several years, the biological resources of the region, especially the whales, were destroyed. To date, this has led to a significant reduction in the number of these mammals, as well as the extinction of some species.
A global problem is the melting of glaciers, which negatively affects the local fauna. We should also mention the results of human activity (development of hydrocarbon deposits), which negatively affected the state of the reservoir.
November 26, 20061. NORTHERN ARCTIC OCEAN ………………………………………………… .3
2. EASTERN SIBERIAN SEA ………………………………………………… 4
2.1. Shores ………………………………………………………………………………… 5
2.2. The structure of the bottom …………………………………………………………………………… 6
2.3. Typical climate ………………………………………………………………… 7
2.4. Hydrological regime ……………………………………………………… ..9
2.5. Ice mode ………………………………………………… 13
2.6. Biology ………………………………………………………… 14
REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………… .15
1. NORTHERN ARCTIC OCEAN.
The Arctic Ocean is small in comparison with other parts of the World Ocean: its area is about 13.1 million km 2 (3.6% of the area of \u200b\u200bthe World Ocean). Nevertheless, the practical and scientific importance of research on the Arctic Ocean is very great. The shortest, but also one of the most difficult ice route, runs through it. In addition, it serves as the only sea route to supply the booming industry of Siberia.
Due to its remoteness, harsh climate and constant ice cover, the Arctic Ocean was the least studied of the oceans. By the end of the 19th century almost its entire coastline was rather detailed on the maps, but most of the ocean itself remained unexplored. The northern tip of Greenland and the group of islands of the Canadian Arctic archipelago have not been explored at all. Geographers did not have a unified point of view regarding the distribution of land and sea. Some scholars, including the German geographer Petermann, believed that Greenland stretched across the North Pole to the Wrangel Land (now Wrangel Island); others believed that the central polar region was comprised of numerous islands divided by shallow water areas.
During the expedition on the ship "Jeannette" (1879-1881) it was found that about. Wrangel does not adjoin Greenland. In 1893-1896 Nansen's Fram ship drifted with long-term ice through the Arctic basin (A. b.) from the Novosibirsk islands to Svalbard. An analysis of the data of eleven depth measurements performed during this drift showed A. depth. in this section, it ranges from 3400 to 4000 m. So it was first established that at least part of A. b. occupies a deep-sea basin.
The Arctic Ocean is also interesting from a hydrometeorological point of view. In the North European Basin there is the most powerful center of “isoanomalous overheating” of the atmosphere on Earth due to ocean heat, whose influence on atmospheric processes and climatic conditions is manifested right up to Lake Baikal. The Arctic Ocean, especially its Arctic basin, plays the role of one of the planetary "sinks" of heat both in the atmosphere and in the ocean.
2. EAST SIBERIAN SEA
The East Siberian Sea is located between the Novosibirsk Islands and about. Wrangel. Its western border is the eastern border of the Laptev Sea, it passes from the intersection of the meridian of the northern tip of about. A boiler room with the edge of a continental bank (79 ° N, 139 ° E) to the northern tip of this island (metro Anisy), then along the eastern shores of the Novosibirsk islands to metro Svyatoy Nos (Dmitry Laptev Strait). The northern boundary runs along the edge of the continental bank from the point with coordinates 79 ° N. W., 139 ° in. d. to the point with coordinates 76 ° c. W., 180 ° in. d., and the eastern border - from a point with these coordinates along the 180 ° meridian to about. Wrangel, then along its northwestern coast to Cape Blossom and further to Cape Yakan on the mainland. The southern border runs along the mainland from metro Yakan to metro Svyatoy Nos.
The East Siberian Sea belongs to the type of continental marginal seas. Its area is 913 thousand km 2, the volume is 49 thousand km 3, the average depth is 54 m, the greatest depth is 915 m, i.e. this sea lies entirely on the mainland shallow.
2.1. Shores.
The coastline of the East Siberian Sea forms rather large bends, sometimes going to land, sometimes protruding into the sea, but there are also areas with a flat coastline. Small convolutions are usually confined to the mouths of small rivers.
The landscapes of the western part of the coast of the East Siberian Sea are very different from the east. On the stretch from the Novosibirsk islands to the mouth of the Kolyma, the shores are very low and uniform. Here the swampy tundra approaches the sea. East of the mouth of the Kolyma, beyond the metro station Bolshaya Baranov, the coast becomes mountainous. From the mouth of Kolyma to about. Aion low hills come right up to the water, sometimes abruptly breaking off in places. Chaun Bay is framed by low, but steep, even beaches. Different in relief and structure of the sea coast at different sites refers to different morphological types of coasts.
The suspended precipitation carried by the rivers causes a change in the depths in the coastal areas and the formation of bars in the estuaries. The Indigirka River carries out suspended sediments per year of 16.7 million tons, Kolyma - 8.3 million tons. The liquid flow of Kolyma amounts to 132 * 10 3 m 3 / year.
As a result of the warming effect of river waters on the adjacent coastal areas, intense thermal abrasion of the estuarine sections of the coast occurs. According to reports, the speed of abrasion ranges from 1-5 to 10-15m / year.
Where the coast is composed of bedrock (the area of \u200b\u200bCape Baranov and Cape Shelagsky, the western coast of Wrangel Island, etc.), the denudation type of coasts is usually developed, since the influence of waves is weakened and physical weathering predominates. Accumulative shores with wide sand and pebble bars separating lagoon chains are found on the southern shore of the Long Strait.
2.2. The structure of the bottom.
The underwater relief of the shelf that forms the bed of the sea, in general terms, is a plain that is very slightly inclined from the southwest to northeast. The bottom of the sea has no noticeable hollows and hills. Depths prevailing up to 20-25 m. The shallow depth area in the western part of the sea forms the Novosibirsk sandbank. The greatest depths are concentrated in the northeastern part of the sea. A noticeable increase in depth occurs in the horizon from 100 to 200 m.
Most of the bottom of the sea is covered with a thin sedimentary cover. In the Tertiary period and at the beginning of the Quaternary, the bottom surface was an almost flat plain composed of alluvium of the ancient river systems of the Paleo-Indigirka and Paleo-Kolyma, the traces of which on the seabed can still be distinguished. Most of the archipelagos and individual islands found in the shelf area are composed of rocks of this foundation (Medvezhyi, Rautan, Shalaurova islands, part of Aion island, etc.). In the area of \u200b\u200bthe islands of De Long and in the northern part of the sea is the so-called Hyperborean platform (according to Shatsky). Aeromagnetic surveys confirm the presence in this region of a solid crystalline basement, overlapped and bordered by Mesozoic rocks, sometimes crumpled in the folding.
Bottom sediments of the shelf consist mainly of sandy silt containing crushed boulders and pebbles; some of them are fragments of rocks about. Wrangel or other islands brought by ice.
2.3. The characteristic climate.
Located in high latitudes, the East Siberian Sea is located in the atmospheric zone of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Cyclones of Atlantic origin penetrate into the western part of the sea (albeit rarely), while Pacific cyclones penetrate into the eastern regions. The climate of the East Siberian Sea is polar marine, but with signs of continentality.
In winter, the main influence on the sea is exerted by the spur of the Siberian maximum, which extends to the coast, and the crest of the polar anticyclone is weakly expressed. In this regard, south-west and south winds prevail over the sea at a speed of 6-7 m / s. They bring cold air from the continent, so the average monthly temperature in January is about -28-30 °. In winter, there is calm, clear weather, which on some days is disturbed by cyclonic invasions. Atlantic cyclones in the west of the sea cause increased wind and some warming, while Pacific cyclones, which have cold continental air in the rear, only increase wind speed, cloudiness and cause blizzards in the southeastern part of the sea. In the mountainous areas of the coast, the formation of a local wind, a hairdryer, is associated with the passage of Pacific cyclones. Usually it reaches a storm force, causing a slight increase in temperature and a decrease in air humidity.
In summer, pressure over the mainland of Asia is lowered, and over the sea it is raised, so the winds of the northern rhubuses prevail. At the beginning of the season they are very weak, but during the summer their speed gradually increases, reaching an average of 6-7 m / s. By the end of summer, the western part of the East Siberian Sea becomes one of the most turbulent sections of the Northern Sea Route. Often the wind blows at a speed of 10-15 m / s. The increase in wind is associated with hair dryers. The southeastern part of the sea is much calmer. Stable north and north-east winds cause low air temperatures. The average July temperature is 0-1 ° in the north of the sea and 2-3 e in coastal areas. In summertime over the East Siberian Sea there is mostly cloudy weather with light drizzle, sometimes wet snow.
In the fall, there is almost no heat return, which is explained by the remoteness of the sea from the oceanic centers of atmospheric action and their weak influence on atmospheric processes. Relatively cold summers throughout the sea, stormy weather at the end of summer and especially in autumn in the outlying regions of the sea and the calm in its central part are characteristic climatic features of the sea. The speed of northwest and northeast winds often reaches 20-25 m / s. They cause waves up to 4-5 m high. Westerly winds contribute to the formation of a warm current going eastward from the Kolyma region. It is this warm current that cleans Long Strait of ice. Offshore, the speed of storm winds often reaches 40-45 m / s.
Most of the year the sea is covered with ice. In its eastern part, floating ice often remains near the coast, even in summer. Observations conducted at high-latitude stations showed that the direction of ice drift depends on the distribution of atmospheric pressure. In winter, when a high-pressure region develops at the pole, anticyclonic (clockwise) water circulation intensifies, which forces the ice to drift in a north-westerly direction. The average daily ice drift velocity is 3-8 km.
When the polar anticyclone weakens, the region of cyclonic water circulation expands, which prevents the removal of ice from the region and, conversely, favors the entry of perennial ice from high latitudes and the accumulation of ice in the Long Strait.
2.4. Hydrological regime.
The annual rainfall is 100-200 mm, and the river flow, unlike the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea, is not very large. Several significant rivers flow into the East Siberian Sea, the largest of which is the r. Kolyma. Its annual runoff is 132 km 3. The second most important river flow. Indigirka brings 59 km 3 of water. The total continental runoff to the East Siberian Sea is about 250 km 3 / year, which makes up only 10% of the total volume of river runoff to all Arctic seas. All river water flows into the southern part of the sea, with approximately 90% of the flow, as in other Arctic seas, in the summer months.
With the very vast size of the East Siberian Sea, coastal runoff does not significantly affect its general hydrological regime, but only determines some hydrological features of coastal areas in the summer. High latitudes, free communication with the Central Arctic basin, large ice cover and low river flow determine the main features of the hydrological conditions of the East Siberian Sea.
The system of currents of the East Siberian Sea is poorly studied. The general circulation of sea water is cyclonic in nature. From the Sannikov and Dmitry Laptev straits, water moves eastward along the coast. Near about. A part of the current turns Wrangel to the north, continuing to move counterclockwise, and the other part passes east through the st. Longa (between Wrangel Island and the continental coast). The current going to the north is involved in the Transarctic current, turning to the northwest. Along the eastern shores of the Novosibirsk islands, apparently, there is a current directed to the south and closes the cyclonic cycle.
Due to the shallow water and the absence of deep gutters extending beyond the northern limits of the East Siberian Sea, the vast majority of its spaces from the surface to the bottom are occupied by surface Arctic waters. Only in comparatively limited estuarine areas is peculiar water distributed as a result of the mixing of river and sea waters. It is characterized by high temperature and low salinity.
Permanent currents on the surface of the East Siberian Sea form a weakly pronounced cyclonic circulation. Along the mainland coast there is a steady transfer of water from west to east. At Cape Billing, part of the water is directed to the north and northwest and is carried out to the northern outskirts of the sea, where it is included in streams going to the west. In different synoptic situations, the movement of water also changes. Part of the water from the East Siberian Sea through the Long Strait is carried to the Chukchi Sea. Constant currents are often disturbed by wind currents, which are often stronger than constant ones. The influence of tidal currents is relatively small.
The tides. In the East Siberian Sea, regular semidiurnal tides are observed. They are caused by a tidal wave, which enters the sea from the north and moves to the coast of the mainland. Its front stretches from the north-north-west to the east-south-east from the Novosibirsk islands to about. Wrangel.
The tides are most pronounced in the north and northwest. As they move south, they weaken, as the ocean tidal wave is largely damped in vast shallow water. So, in the area from Indigirka to Cape Shelagsky, tidal fluctuations in the level are almost not noticeable. West and east of this region, the tide is also small - 5-7 cm. At the mouth of the Indigirka, the coastal configuration and bottom topography contribute to an increase in tides up to 20-25 cm. Level changes caused by meteorological factors are much more developed on the coast of the mainland.
The annual course of the level is characterized by its highest position in June - July, when there is a plentiful inflow of river waters. A decrease in continental runoff in August leads to a decrease in the level by 50-70 cm. As a result of the prevalence of surge winds in autumn, in October, the level rises.
In winter, the level drops and in March - April reaches its lowest position.
In the summer season, overtaking phenomena are very pronounced, in which level fluctuations are often 60-70 cm. At the mouth of the Kolyma River and in the Dmitry Laptev Strait, they reach the maximum values \u200b\u200bfor the whole sea - 2.5 m. A quick and sharp change in level positions one of the characteristic features of coastal areas of the sea.
In the ice-free expanses of the sea, significant unrest develops. It is most powerful in stormy north-west and south-east winds, which have the greatest acceleration above the surface of clean water. The maximum wave heights reach 5 m, usually their height is 3-4 m. Strong waves are observed mainly in late summer - early fall (September), when the ice edge recedes to the north. The western part of the sea is more stormy than the eastern. Its central areas are relatively calm.
Water temperature on the surface in all seasons it generally decreases from south to north. In winter, it is close to the freezing point and near the estuaries is -0.2-0.6 °, and at the northern borders of the sea - 1.7-1.8 °. In summer, the distribution of surface temperature is due to ice conditions. The water temperature in bays and bays reaches 7–8 ° C, in open, ice-free areas 2–3 ° C, and at the ice edge it is close to 0 ° C.
The change in water temperature with depth in winter and spring is not noticeable. Only near the mouths of large rivers does it decrease to -0.5 ° in the under-ice horizons and to -1.5 ° at the bottom. In summer, in free ice areas, the water temperature drops slightly from the surface to the bottom in the coastal zone in the west of the sea. In its eastern part, the surface temperature is observed in a layer of 3-5 m, from where it sharply decreases to horizons of 5-7 m and then gradually decreases to the bottom. In areas affected by coastal runoff, a uniform temperature covers the layer up to 7-10 m, between the horizons of 10-20 m it sharply, and then gradually decreases to the bottom. The shallow, slightly warmed East Siberian Sea is one of the coldest Arctic seas.
Salinity on the surface generally increases from the southwest to the northeast. In winter and spring it is equal to 4 -5 ° / 00 near the mouths of the Kolyma and Indigirka, reaches values \u200b\u200bof 24-26 ° / 00 near the Bear Islands, increases to 28-З0 ° / 00 in the central regions of the sea and rises to 31-32 ° / 00 on its northern outskirts. In summer, as a result of the influx of river water and melting ice, the surface salinity decreases to 18-22 ° / 00 in the coastal zone, 20-22 ° / 00 near the Bear Islands, to 24 - 26 ° / 00 in the north, at the edge of melting ice.
In winter, salinity increases slightly from the surface to the bottom in most of the sea. Only in the northwestern region, where ocean waters penetrate from the north, salinity increases from 23 ° / 00 in the upper layer with a thickness of 10-15 m to 30 ° / 00 at the bottom. Near the estuarine areas, the upper desalinated layer is lined with more saline waters to horizons of 10-15 m. From the end of spring and during the summer, on the ice-free spaces, a desalinated layer 20–25 m thick is formed, under which salinity increases with depth. Therefore, in shallow areas (to depths of 10-20 and even up to 25 m), desalination covers the entire water column. In deeper areas in the north and east of the sea, at the horizons of 5-10 m, and in places of 10-15 m, the salinity increases sharply, and then gradually and slightly rises to the bottom.
In the autumn-winter season, the density of water is higher than in spring and summer. Density is higher in the north and east than in the west of the sea, where desalinated waters penetrate from the Laptev Sea. However, these differences are small. Usually the density increases with depth. Its vertical distribution is similar to the course of salinity.
A different degree of water layering creates different conditions for the development of mixing in different regions of the East Siberian Sea. In relatively weakly stratified and ice-free areas, strong winds in the summer mix water to horizons of 20–25 m. Consequently, in areas limited to a depth of 25 m, wind mixing extends to the bottom. In places of sharp stratification of water by density, wind mixing penetrates only to horizons of 10-15 m, where it is limited by significant vertical density gradients.
Autumn-winter convection in the East Siberian Sea at depths of 40-50 m, which occupy more than 70% of its entire area, penetrates to the bottom. By the end of the cold season, winter vertical circulation extends to horizons of 70-80 m, where it is limited by the great vertical stability of the waters.
2.5. Ice mode
The East Siberian Sea is the most arctic of the seas of the Soviet Arctic. From October - November to June - July, it is completely covered with ice. At this time, the prevalence of ice from the Arctic basin to the sea prevails, unlike other Arctic seas, where remote ice drift prevails. A characteristic feature of the ice of the East Siberian Sea is the significant development of landfast ice in winter. Moreover, it is most widely distributed in the western, shallow part of the sea and occupies a narrow coastal strip in the east of the sea. In the west of the sea, the width of fast ice reaches 400-500 km. Here it connects with the fast ice of the Laptev Sea. In the central regions, its width is 250-300 km and east of Cape Shelagskogo - 30-40 km. The landfast ice border approximately coincides with the 25 km isobath, which runs 50 km north of the Novosibirsk Islands, then turns southeast, approaching the coast of the mainland near Cape Shelagsky. By the end of winter the thickness of the fast ice reaches 2 m. From west to east the thickness of the fast ice decreases. Behind fast ice drifting ice. Typically, this is annual and biennial ice with a thickness of 2-3 m. In the very north of the sea, perennial Arctic ice is found. The prevailing winter winds of the southern rumbas often carry drifting ice from the northern edge of the fast ice. As a result of this, significant expanses of pure water and young ice appear, forming in the west of Novosibirsk and in the east of Zavrangelevskaya stationary near-ice wormwood.
At the beginning of summer, after opening and breaking up of fast ice, the position of the ice edge is determined by the action of winds and currents. However, ice is always found north of the strip about. Wrangel - Novosibirsk Islands. In the western part of the sea, on the site of an extensive fast ice, the Novosibirsk ice massif is formed. It consists mainly of annual ice and is usually destroyed by the end of summer. The vast majority of the space in the east of the sea is occupied by the spur of the Aion Oceanic ice massif, which to a large extent forms heavy perennial ice. Throughout the year, its southern periphery is almost adjacent to the coast of the mainland, determining the ice situation in the sea.
2.6. Biology.
The flora and fauna of the East Siberian Sea is qualitatively poor compared to neighboring seas, mainly due to severe ice conditions. However, in the estuary areas, except omul, whitefish and grayling, large schools of white fish are found (Coregonidae).Other species of fish were also found there, which include polar smelt, saffron cod, polar cod, polar flounder and salmon fish: Arctic char and nelma. Mammals are represented by walruses, seals and polar bears, birds - guillemots, sea gulls, cormorants. In the central regions, cold-loving brackish-water forms are found. Fishing is of local importance.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Bogdanov D.V. Oceans and seas on the eve of the XXI century. - M .: Nauka, 1991 .-- 128 p.
2. Sukhovey F.S.The seas of the oceans. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1986.- 288 p.
3. Oceanographic Encyclopedia. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1974.- 632 p.
4. Zalogin B.S., Kosarev A.N. Seas. - M .: Thought, 1999 .-- 400 p.
5. Nikiforov E.G., Speicher A.O. Patterns of formation of large-scale fluctuations in the hydrological regime of the Arctic Ocean. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1980 .-- 270 p.
East-Siberian Sea marginal sea of \u200b\u200bthe Arctic Ocean off the northeastern coast of Asia, between the Novosibirsk islands and about. Wrangel. In the west it borders the Laptev Sea, connecting with it the straits of Dmitry Laptev, Eterikan, Sannikov and north of Fr. Kotelny, in the east, with the Chukchi Sea, with which it is connected by the Long Strait and north of Fr. Wrangel. The northern border runs along isobath 200 m. The sea area within these limits is 936 thousand. km 2. The volume of water is 42 thousand km 3. Average depth 45 mthe largest - 155 m. The coastline is relatively indented. Forms bays: Chaun Bay, Kolyma Bay, Omulakh and Chroma lips. There are several island groups in the sea: the Novosibirsk Islands (along the border with the Laptev Sea), Medvezhye, Ayon and Shalaurova Islands. Some islands are entirely composed of fossilized ice and sand and are subject to intense destruction. Large rivers flow into the eastern part of the city: Kolyma, Alazeya, Indigirka, and Chroma. The coast of the western part of the sea (from the Novosibirsk Islands to the Kolyma River) is low, the eastern (from the Kolyma River to the Long Strait) is mountainous, sometimes steep. V. m. Located within the shelf. 72% of the bottom area is occupied by depths less than 50 m. The bed has a leveled relief and gently drops to C. In the formation of the relief, the presence of permafrost and fossil ice, as well as thermal denudation and the surface leveling associated with it, play a large role. The southern part is characterized by small gutters - flooded sections of riverbeds of preglacial and ice age and depression of tectonic origin. Bottom sediments - gray silt, offshore - silt with sand. The climate is arctic. The average air temperature in summer is from 0 to 2 ° C in the north, up to 4 ° C in the south .; in winter reaches -28 ° C, -30 ° C. Precipitation 100-200 mm in year. The continental runoff in V. m. Averages 250 km 3 per year (90% in summer) and forms a layer of water equal to 265 mm. The area of \u200b\u200bdesalinated water (salinity less than 25 ‰) is 340 thousand. km 2, i.e. more than 36% of the total sea area. Under the influence of river waters, salinity in the south varies from 5-10 ‰ to 18-20 ‰. In S., its value is about 30 ‰. Water temperature in summer near river mouths is from 4 to 8 ° С, in the open sea it quickly decreases to 0 and -1 ° С. In winter, under ice, the temperature, depending on salinity, ranges from -1.2 to -1.8 ° C. In the deep layer, the temperature is below -1.5 ° C, salinity is about 30 ‰. The currents form a cyclonic cycle; in the northern part the flow is directed to the west, in the southern part - to B. The tides are regular semidiurnal, the amplitude of level fluctuations is from 5-7 cm up to 25 cm. The magnitude of wind fluctuations in some areas may exceed 2 m. In winter, the whole sea is covered with ice. In the summer, in the western part, a coastal zone with a width of several tens is freed from ice km up to several hundred km; in the eastern part, floating ice usually keeps off the coast throughout the summer, leaving slightly to the north only under particularly favorable conditions. Valuable whitefish (muksun, chir, omul) are found in coastal waters. Of mammals, seals, walruses live; a polar bear is found on the ice. A sea m is part of the Northern Sea Route (See. Northern Sea Route). Main ports: Pevek (Chaun Bay), Ambarchik (mouth of Kolyma). The beginning of the development of the voyage by m sailors by Russian sailors dates back to the 17th century, when along the coast between river mouths voyages were made on kochs. In 1648, S. Dezhnev, F. Popov and others made a voyage from the river. Kolyma in the east to the Bering Strait and the river. Anadyr. In the 18th century the first works on the description of the coast and islands of V. m. are made, maps are made. Particularly significant work was done by the participants of the Great Northern Expedition (1735-42). A more accurate inventory of the coasts was carried out by the expeditions of P. Anjou (1822) and F.P. Wrangel (1820-24). In the 20th century. the maps were updated by K. A. Vollosovich (1909) and G. Ya. Sedov (1909), a hydrographic expedition of the Arctic Ocean (1911-14) on Taimyr vessels. After a round-trip voyage by the Northern Sea Route of the Sibiryakov icebreaker (1932) to the east, regular merchant ships depart. Lit .: Antonov V. S., Morozova V. Ya., Chernyaeva F. A., Hydrology of the rivers of the Soviet Arctic, “Tr. Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute ”, 1957, v. 208; Dobrovolsky A.D., Zalogin B.S. Sea of \u200b\u200bthe USSR, M., 1965. East-Siberian Sea.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
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East Siberian Sea ... Wikipedia
Geographic Encyclopedia
Outskirts of the Arctic Ocean approx., Between Novosibirsk about you and about. Wrangel. Area 913 thousand km & sup2. Located offshore. Average depth 54 m, maximum 915 m. Most of the year is covered with ice. Salinity from 5. near the estuaries to ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
EAST SIBERIAN SEA, the outskirts of the Arctic Ocean, between Novosibirsk about you and about. Wrangel. Pl. 913 thousand km2. Located offshore. Wed depth 54 m, maximum 915 m. B. h. year covered with ice. Salinity from 5% 0 near ... ... Russian history
East-Siberian Sea - The Arctic Ocean, off the coast of Russia, between the Novosibirsk Islands and Wrangel Island. Area 913 thousand km2, depth up to 915 m. Large islands: Novosibirsk, Bear, Ayon. Bays: Chaun Bay, Kolyma Bay, Omullah Bay. Falling into ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
The outskirts of the Arctic Ocean, between the Novosibirsk Islands and Wrangel Island. Area 913 thousand km2. Located offshore. Average depth 54 m, maximum 915 m. Most of the year is covered with ice. Salinity from 5 ‰ near ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
East-Siberian Sea - The Arctic Ocean, between Novosibirsk about you and Fr. Wrangel. The name was assigned in 1935 by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on the proposal of the Russian Geogr. about va. Until the beginning of the 20th century. the sea had no definite name and was called Kolyma or Indigir by ... ... Toponymic Dictionary
East-Siberian Sea - The East Siberian Sea, the marginal sea of \u200b\u200bthe Arctic Ocean, between the Novosibirsk Islands and Wrangel Island. In the west by the straits of Dm. Laptev, Eterikan and Sannikova communicate with the Laptev Sea, in the east the Long Strait - with ... ... Dictionary "Geography of Russia"
East-Siberian Sea - East-Siberian Sea … Russian spelling dictionary
East-Siberian Sea - (East Siberian Sea) East Siberian Sea, part of the Arctic Ocean between Novosibirsk about you and about. Wrangel, to the north from Yakutia and Chukotka, Siberian regions of Russia ... Countries of the world. Dictionary
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- East Siberian Sea, Zonn Igor Sergeyevich, Kostyanoy Andrey Gennadievich, Semenov Alexander Vyacheslavovich. The publication is dedicated to one of the smallest Russian northern seas - the East Siberian Sea, which is part of the Arctic Ocean. The encyclopedia contains about 600 articles on hydrographic, geographical ...