Geography and climate
A quote from St. Petersburg Gazette, 1868 (No. 215, 219):
“... Khujand is located on the banks of the excellent, abundant Syr Darya and is surrounded on all sides by mountains, along the slopes of which luxurious gardens are green, and all this together - water, mountains and vegetation in summer, with the local heat and droughts, gives the air favorable freshness and purity, in winter moderation. ... Khujand is surrounded by magnificent gardens, which are more here than in other areas of the region. All these orchards are fruit, fruits grow here in amazing abundance and are supplied to the surrounding cities ... "
The formation of the climate in Tajikistan, including Khujand, is greatly influenced by the same air masses that invade the territory of Central Asia and determine the nature and change of weather. Precipitation in the Khujand region and throughout the Fergana Valley is mainly associated with cyclonic activity and the nature of the underlying surface.
The main role in precipitation is played by the South Caspian, Murghab and Upper Amudarya cyclones, as well as masses of cold air "moving from the west, northwest and north. Reaching the frontal surface of the mountains, the air masses that have come rise along this surface, cool and get an additional effect. for cloud formation and precipitation All these air masses invade the Fergana Valley from the west and southwest, but on their way they collide with the western and southwestern slopes of the mountain ranges of Northern Tajikistan and they receive more precipitation than the leeward slopes, intermontane valleys and hollows.For example, on the windward slopes of the Zeravshan, Turkestan and Kuramin ranges, the amount of precipitation per year is more than 400-800 mm. This is confirmed by the fact that in winter in these mountainous regions a deep snow cover is formed, which is associated spring. As you move into the interior of the mountainous country, these air masses reach inland areas, highly depleted in moisture, as a result of which intermountain valleys and deep basins receive very little precipitation. For example, in Khujand the annual amount of precipitation falls: during the cold period of the year 87 mm, and the greatest amount is in March and April (25-27 mm); the smallest in the summer months (9-11 mm, Aug.).
As a rule, precipitation in the form of snow falls only at subzero temperatures. In the region of Khujand, stable snow cover is absent in 20% of winter, and in 3-10% of winter it does not form at all. Here, the height of snow cover only in February reaches 1-3 cm on average, and is absent in the rest of the year. The highest ten-day snow cover height was noted in the third ten-day period of February - 47 cm. The average date of snow cover appearance falls on December 15, and the earliest date is October 31. The number of days with snow cover is exactly 21.
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History
The history of the city goes back to antiquity. Modern historical science believes that archaic Khujand existed even during the Achaemenid dynasty, that is, before the troops of Alexander the Great came to the shores of the Syr Darya. After capturing the city, they fortified it, calling Alexandria Eskhata (Extreme).
In subsequent periods, Khujand more than once had to find itself in the center of historical events. In the VIII century. it was captured by the Arabs, in the XIII century. the city offered fierce resistance to the Mongol invaders, temporarily delaying the advance of Genghis Khan's hordes to the west.
Since ancient times, Khujand, being at the crossroads of the trade routes of the East, has been one of the most important economic, military-strategic and cultural centers of Maverannahr. The Great Silk Road passed through it, linking ancient Greece, Rome, Asia Minor, Egypt, Iran with India, China and Japan. Khujand was home to famous astronomers, mathematicians, doctors, historians, poets and musicians. One of them is Abumahmud Khujandi - the founder of the local astronomical school, an outstanding authority in world science. In the 14th century Kamoli Khujandi, the author of the famous gazelles, was called the "Nightingale of Khujand". The outstanding poet, musician and dancer Mahasti was equally popular in the Middle Ages. In the 19th century in Khujand, such cultural figures as Toshkhoja Asiri, Sodirkhon Hafiz, Khoji Yusuf conducted an active educational work.
On May 24, 1866, the city was occupied by the Russian army and became part of the Russian Empire. The entry into the empire of the center of the densely populated district with rich economic resources, the most important road junction between the Fergana Valley, the Tashkent oasis and the Zeravshan Valley, a major trading point, opened up new opportunities for the development of Khujand. In July 1916, Khujand was the first among the cities of Central Asia to openly oppose the colonial policy of tsarism, which tried to attract Tajiks, among other peoples of the region, to participate in the First World War (Central Asian Uprising of 1916).
At the beginning of 1918, Soviet power was established in the city, on October 2, 1929 it was incorporated into the Tajik SSR. During the years of Soviet construction, the city, which now bore the name of Leninabad, underwent tremendous changes in all areas of economic, social and cultural life. In the postwar period, Khujand turned into the largest industrial and cultural center of Tajikistan after Dushanbe. The city's industry has become diversified, equipped with advanced domestic and foreign technology. The pride of the Khujand people was one of the largest enterprises in the republic - a silk factory. In 1991, dozens of enterprises in Khujand produced the same amount of industrial products per day as in all pre-revolutionary Tajikistan per year. Industrial products of the Khujand people were known far beyond the borders of our Motherland. Only the fabrics of the silk factory were sent to 450 cities of the USSR and to foreign countries. Since the 60s, Khujand has been actively expanding its borders. The city stepped onto the right bank of the Syr Darya, throwing two bridges across it. During the years of Soviet power, radical transformations have taken place in the field of health care. By 1991, there were 40 medical and preventive institutions in Khujand, in which about 2.5 thousand doctors and specialists with higher and secondary medical care worked. education. Major changes have taken place in the field of public education. In 1991, 30 schools operated in Khujand, in which about 30 thousand students studied.
In 1932, the Pedagogical Institute was opened in Khujand, where there were only 26 students. Today, more than 10 thousand students study at 13 faculties of this university, which was transformed in 1991 into Khujand State University. Over the post-war decades, literature and art reached a new heyday in Khujand, a whole galaxy of poets and writers, artists and composers, folk craftsmen grew up. Khujand became more and more beautiful, acquiring the appearance of a large, industrially developed city. In 1986 he celebrated his jubilee - the 2500th anniversary of its foundation. In this regard, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the city was awarded the Order of Friendship of Peoples.
The role and weight of ancient Khujand increased even more during the period of Tajikistan's sovereign development. It was here that the most important step was taken to end the fratricidal war and achieve national accord on Tajik soil: the 16th session of the Supreme Soviet, held in Khujand in November 1992, restored the constitutional system in the republic and put forward a new leader on the political arena - E. Sh. Rakhmonov ...
Modern Khujand
Khujand is majestically located in the picturesque floodplain of the Syr Darya River at an altitude of more than three hundred meters above sea level. Today Khujand is the largest industrial, industrial and cultural center of Northern Tajikistan and the second most important city in the republic. The geographical location and climatic conditions of Khujand are truly beneficial. Therefore, the Fergana Valley, where it is located, is reputed to be the pearl of Central Asia: the mountain landscape, the ever-flowing waters of the Syr Darya, clean air, green clothes, an abundance of grapes, fruits and other gifts of nature make Khujand an eternally young city - a garden. Khujand is the administrative center of the Sughd region of the Republic of Tajikistan, the second city in the republic in terms of the number of inhabitants and the volume of industrial production. Located in an intermountain passage leading to the Fergana Valley, on the most important caravan trade route of Antiquity. The Syrdarya river flows within the city. From the city center to the railway. stations - 11 km, to Dushanbe - 341 km. Khujand is connected by railways, air and highways.
Monument to Kamol Khujandi
Installed in 1996 in honor of the 675th anniversary of the poet's birth. Located on the "Stars of Khujand" square. The main idea is to convey his image as a thinker, philosopher and show his inner world. In the background, wings are depicted, personifying the holiness of man and at the same time denoting the wings of poetry inspiration. The poet's face is turned towards the place of his birth and towards the setting of the sun. The height of the seated figure is 3.5 m, the wings are 5.5 m. The area occupied by the monument is 1000 square meters. m. In order to create an image of a strong person, spiritually rich, who has made many travels, the sculpture was deliberately created barefoot, since there are canons of sculpture about the beauty of the human body. The author is an artist sculptor K. N. Nadyrov. A similar monument by the same author was erected in 1997 in Tabriz at the burial place of the poet.
Khujand fortress
An integral part of the city's fortification system. Founded in the VI-V centuries. BC e. According to the data obtained by the North Tajik Archaeological Complex Expedition (STAKE), the Khujand fortress was first surrounded by an embankment, and later by a wall of considerable thickness made of mud. The city and the citadel are integral parts of ancient Khujand; they had separate fortress walls surrounded by a wide and deep moat filled with water. The remains of these fortifications were found under the central part of the left-bank Khujand and surround the territory of the ancient city with an area of \u200b\u200b20 hectares.
With the development of the economy, trade, system of government and population, the city grows. In the VI-VII centuries a new fortress was built. Medieval Khujand consisted of three main parts: citadel, shahristan and rabad. The citadel was located on the banks of the Syrdaryaapreno by the Khujand people at the gates of the rabad. The medieval Khujand fortress was considered one of the most fortified in Central Asia.
During the invasion of Genghis Khan (1219-1220), a 25,000-strong army with 50,000 Central Asian captives was sent to siege the city. The heroic defense of the Khujand fortress and the island located not far from it on the Syr Darya under the leadership of Timurmalik is one of the brightest pages in the history of the liberation struggle of the Tajik people. As a result of the Mongol invasion, the Khujand fortress was destroyed. According to the historian Hofiz Abru, at the beginning of the 15th century the fortress lay in ruins. According to Zakhiriddin Babur, already at the end of the 15th century, the fortress was restored and was the residence of the local ruler.
Masjidi Jami Mosque
Complex of Sheikh Muslihiddin, a monument of folk architecture of the XX century. Located on the west side of Panjshanbe Square. The facade of the building faces the street. Shark. The mosque was built in 1512-1513. The multi-column (30 columns) aivan adjoins the eastern wall of the winter hall, which is also multi-column (20 columns), and enters the courtyard of the mosque. The long southern wall of the mosque without any openings faces Shark Street. Only to the right, at the edge of the wall, is the entrance device of the darvoz-khona with a deep pestak - a portal. The arrangement of the columns in the mosque is subordinated to the modular grid: on the iwan, six rows of four columns (30 modular squares) are repeated, and in the winter room, five rows of four columns. The two middle columns along the northern façade of the aivan are decorated with full-height carvings and bear an elevated part of the architrave with massive type-setting stalactites that have preserved the remains of the painting. At the entrance and above the mihrab, three plank squares of the ceiling are painted, but the colors have darkened strongly and partly crumbled. The walls are covered with good carved decor, mostly geometric motifs. Both doors of the winter hall are distinguished by fine and elegant carvings. Structurally, the building is frame with raw filling and subsequent plastering with ganch mortar. The gaps between the frame were used for the construction of niches for and mihrab both in the winter hall and on the iwan. The roof of the mosque is flat earthen with clay-adobe coating. The foundation on which the walls of the building are located is made of burnt bricks. The inner courtyard of the mosque from the east and partly to the north is limited by one-story hujras. In the northeastern part of the courtyard, there is a minaret with a traditional lantern, decorated with arched openings, from which a beautiful panorama of the city opens. The entrance portal facing the street. Shark, is distinguished by tiled facing and carved ganch panels on the facade. The high portal is only a front decorative wall made of baked bricks, supplemented from the northern side by two-storey adobe buildings with a wooden aivan at the top. The carved portal gates were made in 1513-1514. Mullah Mansur (painting), usto Shamsidtsin (ganch carving) and others took part in the decoration of the mosque. The mosque, as a whole, has a surprisingly harmonious image and is an excellent example of the synthesis of decorative art and building culture of Khujand.
Name
The modern Russian name of the city is Khujand , sometimes transliterated as Khujand, Khujant.
By the Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the Tajik SSR No. 246 of February 26, 1991, the city returned its historical name.
Transport
The city is served only by numerous shuttle taxis. Bus and trolleybus routes were abolished (in 1994 there were 11 trolleybus routes).
Population
Khujand is the second most populous city in Tajikistan after Dushanbe.
Geography and climate
Khujand is located on the banks of the Syrdarya, below the Kairakkum reservoir, 35 above the Uzbek Bekabad. It is part of the Fergana Valley, between the spurs of the Turkestan Range in the south and the Mogoltau Mountains in the north.
The city is located 200 km north-east of Dushanbe (341 km along the road).
Climate
A quote from St. Petersburg Gazette, 1868 (No. 215, 219):
«… Khujand is located on the banks of the excellent high-water Syr Darya and is surrounded on all sides by mountains, along the slopes of which luxurious gardens are green, and all this together - water, mountains and vegetation in summer, with the local heat and droughts, gives the air favorable freshness and purity, while in winter it is moderation. ... Khujand is surrounded by magnificent gardens, which are more here than in other areas of the region. All these orchards are fruit, fruits grow here in amazing abundance and are supplied to the surrounding towns ...»
Khujand was home to famous astronomers, mathematicians, doctors, historians, poets and musicians. One of them is Abumahmud Khujandi, the founder of the local astronomical school. Kamol Khujandi, the author of the famous gazelles, was called the "Nightingale of Khujand" in the XIV century. The outstanding poet, musician and dancer Mahasti was equally popular in the Middle Ages. In the 19th century in Khujand, such cultural figures as Toshkhoja Asiri, Sodirkhon Hafiz, Khoji Yusuf conducted an active educational work.
In the Russian Empire
IN THE USSR
In the post-war period, Leninabad turned into the largest industrial and cultural center of Tajikistan after Dushanbe. The city's industry became diversified, equipped with advanced domestic and foreign technology; a silk-processing plant operated in the city - one of the largest enterprises in the republic. In 1991, dozens of enterprises in Khujand produced the same amount of industrial products per day as in all of pre-revolutionary Tajikistan per year. The silk fabrics were sent to 450 cities of the USSR and to foreign countries.
Since the 60s, Leninabad has been actively expanding its borders. The city stepped onto the right bank of the Syr Darya, throwing two bridges across it.
In 1970, a trolleybus service was launched in Leninabad.
During the years of Soviet power, radical transformations have taken place in the field of health care. By 1991, there were 40 medical and preventive institutions in Khujand, in which about 2.5 thousand doctors and specialists with higher and secondary medical care worked. education.
Major changes have taken place in the field of public education. In 1991, 30 schools operated in Khujand, in which about 30 thousand students studied.
Modern Tajikistan
The 16th session of the Supreme Council, which took place in the village of Arbob, 10 km from Khujand in November 1992, restored the constitutional order in the republic and elected E. Sh. Rakhmonov as the chairman of the Supreme Council.
Culture, education
Theater. Historical, local history, archaeological museums.
In 1932, the Pedagogical Institute was opened, where only 26 people studied. Today, 16 faculties of this university, transformed into
The city of Khujand is located in the north of Tajikistan, in the picturesque valley of the Syrdarya River. Modern Khujand is the largest cultural and industrial-industrial center of Northern Tajikistan. In addition, it is considered the second largest in the republic in terms of population.
Khujand is the most ancient city of Tajikistan. According to historical data, it was founded during the time of Alexander the Great, about 2500 years ago. Now, it is a cozy city with many parks and squares, very hospitable people. The Syrdarya, a river that flows through the city center, is considered a great place to relax and swim. By the way, Khujand is the only city built on this river.
The main attraction of Khujand is the Panjshanbe city bazaar - this is one of the most famous and largest covered markets in Central Asia. Translated from the Tajik "panchshanbe" means Thursday, it was on this day that there was the most rapid trade. Near the bazaar there is a magnificent architectural monument - Sheikh Muslikhiddin's mausoleum mosque. Guests of Khujand can visit the city park named after Kamola Khujandi and the fortress located next to it. The famous Museum of Archeology is located on its territory.
Coordinates: 40.29000200,69.63300700
Khujand fortress
The Khujand fortress is a historical and architectural landmark of the city of Khujand, associated with the liberation struggle of the Tajik people under the leadership of the commander Temurmalik. According to the data received from the North Tajik archaeological complex expedition, the fortress was part of the fortification system of the city and was built in the 6th-5th centuries BC.
During the invasion of Genghis Khan, about 25,000 soldiers were sent to siege the city, as well as 50,000 Central Asian prisoners. The courageous defense of the Khujand fortress, as well as the island located nearby, is one of the brightest pages in the history of the struggle of the people of Tajikistan.
In the VI-VII centuries, on the site of the ancient Khujand fortress, a new one was erected, it was considered one of the most fortified in Central Asia. At the beginning of the 15th century, the citadel was completely destroyed as a result of the Mongol invasion and lay in ruins for a long time. According to historical data, it was restored at the end of the 16th century and was the seat of a wealthy local ruler.
Currently, it has been completely restored; the Historical Museum of the Sughd Region is located here.
Coordinates: 40.28516100,69.61847300
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Masjidi Jami Mosque
One of the many attractions of the Tajik city of Khujand is the beautiful cathedral Mosque of Masjidi Jami, built in 1512-1513. This building is a magnificent example of the interpenetration of the construction culture of Central Asia and decorative arts. Tourists are impressed by the local openwork 30-column iwan - a vaulted room enclosed on those sides by a wall. It adjoins the eastern wall of the mosque, its two middle columns are decorated with carvings, some of them have preserved the remains of painting.
The walls of the Masjidi Jami are covered with beautiful carvings, mostly geometric motifs. The doors of the winter hall of the mosque are also distinguished by fine and graceful carvings. In the northeastern part of the monastery there is a traditional minaret with a wonderful domed lantern and arched openings from which a beautiful panorama of the city opens. In general, the mosque has a surprisingly harmonious image, which is perfectly combined with the nearby buildings of Panjshanbe Square.
Coordinates: 40.27883000,69.63037700
The full-flowing Syrdarya river is the first in length and the second in full-flowing river in Central Asia, which flows 105 kilometers in the north of Tajikistan. It is formed by the confluence of the Naryn and Karadarya rivers in the east of the Fergana Valley.
The Syrdarya River crosses Tajikistan in the north, flowing through the Osh and Sughd regions and the administrative center of the second of them - the city of Khujand. The river flows through the Fergana Valley, the Farhad Mountains and the Hungry Steppe. The rivers Angren, Chirchik, Keles and Arys replenish its waters. At present, the Syr Darya River flows into the northern section of the former Aral Sea, which is now called the "Small Sea". Today, the waters of the Syrdarya River are used for economic needs, in this regard, the volume of runoff at the mouth of the river has decreased more than 10 times over 50 years. The beauty and mystery of the Syr Darya River will captivate new adventurers every year.
Coordinates: 40.20929400,69.39926100
West of the Fergana Depression
The West of the Fergana Depression is one of the most picturesque places on the territory of the Khodzhekent region in Tajikistan, which stretches along the tectonic depression of the Tien Shan mountain range in the middle reaches of the Syrdarya river.
The Fergana depression is located between the Kuramin ridge, the Mogoltau mountains and the Chatkal mountain range. On the territory of Tajikistan, only its western part is located, in comparison with the entire valley, it is small in area. The only exit from it is located in the Khojakent region of the Republic of Tajikistan - the so-called "Bekabad Gate", 20 meters wide. An interesting place in the west of the Fergana Depression is the Hungry Steppe, which got its terrifying name due to the absence of water on its territory and any conditions for life. The absolute height of the valley in the country is 250-300 meters. The west of the Fergana Depression amazes its visitors with an abundance of colors and magnificent landscapes.
Coordinates: 39.48708500,69.09130100
Republican Museum of History and Local Lore Abu Abdallah Rudaki
The Republican Museum of History and Local Lore was opened in 1958. in honor of the talented classic of Tajik-Persian literature Abu Abdallah Jafar Rudaki, therefore the building bears his name. The museum was built according to the project of the famous architect A.I. Makukha, the entrance doors for him were created by the honored art worker Barotbek Yuldoshbekov. Here is a collection of items related to archeology, history, culture, life and customs, nature of Tajikistan.
Museum named after Abu Abdallah Rudaki is located in the north of the city of Penjikent, on the street of the same name. There are eight halls in the building, each of which reflects a separate page in the country's history. The first three halls deal with the history of the city of Sarazm, ancient Penjikent and the Samanid state. In the next rooms you can get acquainted with ethnography, nature, learn about the modern period of development of Tajikistan. There is also a separate room in the museum, which contains interesting information about the life of Abu Abdallah Rudaki. The museum label is presented in three languages \u200b\u200b- Tajik, Russian and English.
Coordinates: 39.49518000,67.59638800
Historical and Local Lore Museum of Archeology and Fortification
The Khujand Museum of History and Local Lore, dedicated to archeology and fortification, is the heart of the city. It was opened on November 29, 1986 in honor of the 2500th anniversary of Khujand. The museum building is located in the eastern part of the old Khujand fortress of the VIII-X centuries, which was restored in 1999. Once upon a time the walls of the fortress were part of the city's powerful fortification system.
Externally, the museum imitates the appearance of a medieval building with thick mud brick walls and high towers. Inside, in an area of \u200b\u200b150 square meters, there are halls of the medieval history of the city, the architectural features of the buildings in it, the history of the study of Khujand and its researchers. The most valuable finds, which take pride of place in the exhibition, are ceramics from the ancient and medieval periods. It is also interesting here to look at the many maps and plans of Khujand of different eras. There are more than 1200 exhibits in the museum.
The museum is hospitably open from 8.00 to 17.00 every day, on weekends it is open from 9.00 to 16.00.
Coordinates: 40.28476400,69.63301100
History and Local Lore Museum of Istaravshan
The History and Local Lore Museum in Istaravshan became an independent museum only in 1980, before that it had functioned since 1963 as a branch of the History and Local Lore Museum of the city of Khujand. At present, there are more than 4300 exhibits on archeology and ethnography of the northern part of Tajikistan, most of them were collected in Istaravshan and its environs.
The museum is located in the building of an inactive Orthodox church, which was built in 1865-1867. Its opening was initiated by the history teacher Nazarov Nasriddin, who collected the first collection for the museum in 1950-1960s. The exhibition covers an area of \u200b\u200babout 250 square meters, it contains information about the ancient and medieval history of the city, its culture, crafts and traditional occupations of the city residents - blacksmithing, jewelry, gold embroidery, woodcarving.
On weekdays, the museum in Istravshan is open from 8.00 to 17.00, working hours on weekends: from 9.00 to 16.00. Monday is a day off. Label in Tajik and English.
Coordinates: 39.91083300,69.00638900
Madrasah and mausoleum of Sheikh Massala
Sheikh Massala Madrasah and Mausoleum is an architectural ensemble that consists of a 19th century minaret, a mosque and ancient burial places. This memorial ensemble is located in the historical part of the city of Khujand and was erected on the grave of Sheikh Massal Muslihiddin.
Madrasah and mausoleum of Sheikh Massala is a famous monument of Tajikistan. According to legend, the sheikh was originally buried in the small village of Undzhi. However, in the XII century, his admirers decided to transfer the ashes to Khujand and erect a mausoleum. Then the mausoleum was a small burial chamber built of baked bricks. This tomb was destroyed during the Mongol invasion. Later, in the XIV century, they decided to rebuild the mausoleum, but at the same time slightly change the layout. Now it began to look like a complex consisting of two rooms, but, alas, this building was also destroyed.
In the 16th century, a structure was erected on the ruins of an old building, which became not just a burial place, but also a room for performing ritual ceremonies and prayers. Today the Sheikh Massala mausoleum consists of a minaret and a mosque. The modern building is two-storey, has a wide dome and a portal entrance. In the center there is a tomb, a memorial hall, and a wooden gravestone decorated with carvings with plant elements and inlays.
Coordinates: 40.28041000,69.63074000
The most popular attractions in Khujand with descriptions and photos for every taste. Choose the best places to visit the famous places of Khujand on our website.
For the football club see Khujand (football club).
| Town | |||
| taj. Huҷand | |||
| 40 ° 17 ′ N sh. 69 ° 37 ′ E etc. | |||
| Country | |||
| Region | |||
| Mayor | Maruf Muhammadzoda | ||
| History and geography | |||
| Founded | VII-VI centuries BC e. | ||
| First mention | 2nd half of the 7th century BC | ||
| Former names | Alexandria Eskhata, before 1936 - Khujand before 1991 - Leninabad |
||
| Area | 285 km² | ||
| Height NUM | 300 m | ||
| Timezone | UTC + 5 | ||
| Population | |||
| Population | ▲ 181,600 people (2019) | ||
| Density | 4540 people / km² | ||
| Agglomeration | ▲ 931,900 (Khujand agglomeration) |
||
| Nationalities | Tajiks, Uzbeks and others | ||
| Confessions | Muslims, Christians | ||
| Katoikonym | khujandi | ||
| Official language | [[Tajik language, Russian language]] | ||
| Digital identifiers | |||
| Telephone code | +992 3422 | ||
| Postcode | 735700 | ||
| Other | |||
| Awards | |||
| khujand.tj | |||
Arch near the park named after K. Khujandi
Fountains of Khujand
Khujand (Tajik Huand, from Sogd. kwc "nth ( xučant (a)\u003e xuǰand ‘nice side’), pers. خجند , Khojand, Old Greek Ἀλεξάνδρεια Ἐσχάτη , Alexandria Eskhata) is a city in the north, an administrative center.
One of the oldest cities. The second largest city in Tajikistan, an important transport hub, political, economic, cultural and scientific center of the country.
There is an airport and a railway station (12 km from the center of Khujand, in the city of Gafurov).
Name
The modern Russian name of the city is , sometimes transliterated as Khujand or Khujant.
From the time of the Russian Empire until 1936, the name of the city is Taj. Huҷand, (Persian خجند), in Russian it was customary to convey as Khujand.
On January 10, 1936, the city was officially called Leninabad (in honor of V.I.Lenin), while in the historical literature for the period up to 1936 the spelling of Khujand was preserved. Also, this spelling in official practice continued to be used in the name of the Khojent region of the Tajik SSR.
By the Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the Tajik SSR No. 246 of February 26, 1991, the city returned its historical name .
Population
Khujand is the second most populous city in Tajikistan after. As of January 1, 2019, it was home to 181,600 people.
According to the 1897 census, 28,431 residents of the city indicated Tajik as their native language, 900 - Uzbek (of which 305 - Sart dialect), 458 - Russian.
The population of the Khujand agglomeration is 916,200 people.
Geography
Syrdarya in Khujand
Khujand is located on the banks of the Syr Darya, below the Kairakkum reservoir, 35 km above the Uzbek reservoir, in the Fergana Valley, between the spurs of the Turkestan ridge in the south and the Mogoltau mountains in the north.
The city is located 200 km northeast of (along the road - 300 km).
Climate
A quote from the "St. Petersburg Gazette", 1868 (No. 215, 219):
«… Khujand is located on the banks of the excellent high-water Syr Darya and is surrounded on all sides by mountains, along the slopes of which luxurious gardens grow green, and all this together - water, mountains and vegetation in summer, with the local heat and droughts, gives the air favorable freshness and purity, while in winter it is moderation. ... Khujand is surrounded by magnificent gardens, which are more here than in other parts of the region. All these orchards are fruit, fruits grow here in amazing abundance and are supplied to the surrounding towns ...»
Steppe climate prevails in Khujand. There is little rainfall throughout the year. According to the Köppen climate classification, it is a dry semiarid climate of temperate latitudes with cool winters (BSk index). The average air temperature for the year in Khujand is 16 ° C.
The formation of the climate, including Khujand, is greatly influenced by the same air masses that invade the territory of Central Asia and determine the nature and change of the weather. surface.
The main role in precipitation is played by the South Caspian, Murghab and Upper Amu Darya cyclones, as well as masses of cold air moving from the west, northwest and north. Reaching the frontal surface of the mountains, the incoming air masses rise along this surface, cool down and get an additional effect for the formation of clouds and precipitation. All these air masses invade the Fergana Valley from the west and southwest, but on their way they collide with the western and southwestern slopes of the mountain ranges of Northern Tajikistan and they receive more precipitation than the leeward slopes, intermountain valleys and basins. Thus, on the windward slopes of the Zeravshan, Turkestan and Kuramin ranges, the amount of precipitation per year is more than 400-800 mm. This is confirmed by the fact that in winter in these mountainous areas a deep snow cover is formed, which is associated with avalanches in spring. As it moves into the interior of the mountainous country, these air masses reach the interior areas, which are highly depleted in moisture, as a result of which intermountain valleys and deep basins receive very little precipitation. In Khujand, the annual amount of precipitation falls: during the cold period of the year 87 mm, and the greatest amount - in March and April (25-27 mm); the smallest in the summer months (9-11 mm, Aug.).
As a rule, precipitation in the form of snow falls only at subzero temperatures. In the region of Khujand, stable snow cover is absent in 20% of winter, and in 3-10% of winter it does not form at all. Here, the height of snow cover only in February reaches 1-3 cm on average, and is absent in the rest of the year. The highest ten-day snow cover height was observed in the third ten-day period of February - 47 cm. The average date of snow cover appearance falls on December 15, and the earliest - on October 31. The number of days with snow cover is 21.
| Khujand climate | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Index | Jan. | Feb | March | Apr | May | June | July | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average maximum, ° C | 3,5 | 6,2 | 13,8 | 21,9 | 28,6 | 34,2 | 35,5 | 32,4 | 28,8 | 20,6 | 12,3 | 5,6 | 20,3 |
| Average temperature, ° C | 0,6 | 3,0 | 9,2 | 16,8 | 21,9 | 26,8 | 28,6 | 26,4 | 21,5 | 14,6 | 7,6 | 2,5 | 15,0 |
| Average minimum, ° C | −3,2 | −1,8 | 4,2 | 10,7 | 15,6 | 19,6 | 21,2 | 18,8 | 13,6 | 8,1 | 3,4 | −0,5 | 9,1 |
| Precipitation rate, mm | 15 | 15 | 25 | 27 | 20 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 167 |
| Source: World Meteorological Organization, | |||||||||||||
History
In ancient times
The Achaemenid Empire in its heyday
Hike of Alexander the Great to Asia
Khujand is one of the oldest cities in Central Asia: according to some sources, the city was founded in the 7th-6th centuries BC. It was conquered by Alexander the Great, who rebuilt and fortified it, calling Alexandria Eskhata ( extreme).
Being on the Great Silk Road and connecting Samarkand with the Fergana Valley, Khujand had an advantageous geopolitical location and paramount transport importance.
Subsequently, it was conquered by the Arabs (VIII century), and in 1219-1220 it fiercely resisted the troops of Genghis Khan, but was destroyed.
However, the city was soon revived and became one of the largest trade, cultural and scientific centers of the Central Asian region. Even today, Khujand is an important industrial, scientific and cultural center of northern Tajikistan.
Since ancient times, Khujand, being at the crossroads of the trade routes of the East, on the Great Silk Road, was one of the most important economic, military-strategic and cultural centers of Fararud.
Khujand was home to famous astronomers, mathematicians, doctors, historians, poets and musicians. One of them is the founder of the local astronomical school Abumahmud Khujandi.
Kamol Khujandi, the author of the famous gazelles, was called "Nightingale of Khujand" in the XIV century. The outstanding poet, musician and dancer Mahasti was equally popular in the Middle Ages.
According to legend, it was in Khujand that the house of Khoja Nasreddin stood. In the 19th century in Khujand, such cultural figures as Toshkhoja Asiri, Sodirkhon Hafiz, Khoji Yusuf conducted an active educational work.
In the Russian Empire
On May 24, 1866, the city was occupied by the Russian army and became part of the Russian Empire (see Central Asian possessions of the Russian Empire). The entry into the empire of the center of the densely populated district, which had rich economic resources, the most important road junction between the Fergana Valley, the Tashkent oasis and the Zeravshan Valley, a major trade point, opened up new opportunities for the development of Khujand.
The city was the administrative center of the Khojent district of the Samarkand region.
In July 1916, a Central Asian uprising began in the city.
IN THE USSR
Streets of Khujand
At the beginning of 1918, Soviet power was established in the city, until 1929 the city was part of the Uzbek SSR. On October 2, 1929, it was incorporated into the Tajik SSR, and on January 10, 1936, the city was renamed Leninabad (in honor of V.I.Lenin). In 1941, the Tajik Agricultural Institute was located in Leninabad, which was the university of the USSR People's Commissariat of Agriculture and had a postal address: the city of Leninabad, Krasnaya street, house number 25.
In the post-war period, Leninabad turned into the largest industrial and cultural center of Tajikistan after Dushanbe. The city's industry became diversified, equipped with advanced domestic and foreign technology, a silk-processing plant operated in the city - one of the largest enterprises in the republic. In 1991, dozens of enterprises in the city produced the same amount of industrial products per day as in all of pre-revolutionary Tajikistan per year. The silk fabrics were sent to 450 cities of the USSR and to foreign countries.
Arbob Palace of Culture
Since the 1960s, Leninabad has been actively expanding its borders. The city stepped onto the right bank of the Syr Darya, throwing two bridges across it.
In 1970, a trolleybus service was launched in Leninabad.
During the years of Soviet power, radical transformations have taken place in the field of health care. By 1991, there were 40 medical and preventive institutions in the city, in which about 2.5 thousand doctors and specialists with higher and secondary medical care worked. education.
Major changes have taken place in the field of public education. In 1991, there were 30 schools in the city, in which about 30 thousand students studied.
In 1986, the city celebrated its anniversary - the 2500th anniversary of its foundation. In this regard, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the city of Leninabad was awarded the Order of Friendship of Peoples.
Modern Tajikistan
The 16th session of the Supreme Soviet, held in the Arbob palace 10 km from Khujand in November 1992, restored the constitutional order in the republic and elected E. Sh. Rakhmonov as the chairman of the Supreme Soviet.
Culture and education
Theater, local history and archaeological museums, a park in honor of the poet Kamoli Khujandi, which includes a mausoleum and a house-museum of the poet.
In 1932, the Pedagogical Institute was opened, where only 26 people studied. Today, more than 10 thousand students study at 16 faculties of this university, which was transformed in 1991 into Khujand State University. In 2010, as a result of the merger of the Polytechnic Institute. Academician M.S.Osimi and the Khujand branch of the Technological University of Tajikistan, the Khujand Polytechnic Institute of the Tajik Technical University named after Academician M.S.Osimi.
The city has a regional library. T. Asiri.
Hukumat Chairmen
- Ahmadzoda, Rajabboy - Apr 1. Feb 2016
- Sharifzoda, Sharif Faiz April 1, 2016 - 03/31/2017
- Muhammadzoda, Maruf from 31.03.2017
sights
Mosque-mausoleum of Sheikh Muslikhiddin (XVII-XVIII centuries)
Main article: Sights of Khujand
The medieval citadel, the mosque-mausoleum of Sheikh Muslikhiddin (17th-18th centuries), the Orthodox Church of Mary Magdalene is the oldest Orthodox church in Tajikistan, built in 1884 at the expense of the Moscow merchant Khludov. Monument to the native of the city, the poet Kamol Khujandi.
Museum-fortress of the military leader Temurmalik, who put up fierce resistance to the troops of Genghis Khan.
Famous people
- Abu Mahmud al Khujandi (940-1000) - Tajik mathematician and astronomer, a native of Khujand, lived and worked in the city of Rey.
- Mehesti Ganjavi (Khujandi) (1098, Khujand - 1160,) - Tajik poetess of the XII century, lived and worked in the city.
- Kamol Khujandi (1321-1401) - Persian-Tajik poet
- Muhammadaminhoja Koshif (1825-1887) - Tajik poet,
- Toshkhuja Asiri (1864-1916) - Tajik poet,
- Abdulla Fayyaz (1847-1934) - Tajik poet,
- Haji Yusuf Mirfaezov (1842–1925) - Tajik scientist.
Sister cities
Notes
- Footnote error: Invalid tag ; no text specified for footnotes population_2019
- Agency on Statistics under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan. Population of Tajikistan as of January 1, 2019 (Russian) (unavailable link) (01.01.2019). Retrieved July 3, 2019. Archived July 2, 2015.
- Tajikistan // World Atlas / comp. and prepare. to ed. PKO "Cartography" in 2009; ch. ed. G.V. Pozdnyak. - M.: PKO "Cartography": Onyx, 2010. - P. 116. - ISBN 978-5-85120-295-7 (Cartography). - ISBN 978-5-488-02609-4 (Onyx).
- Lurie P. B. Historical and linguistic analysis of Sogdian toponymy // Diss. for a job. uch. Art. Cand. Phil. sciences. - SPb. , 2004 .-- S. 40, 151.
- Khujand // Dictionary of geographical names of the USSR / GUGK, TsNIIGAiK. - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M.: Nedra, 1983 .-- S. 141.
- Sovetabad // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
- Population of the Republic of Tajikistan as of January 1, 2018. Agency on Statistics under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, 2018
- Demoscope Weekly - Application. Handbook of statistical indicators
- Leonid Solovyov. The enchanted prince. - M.: Terevinf, 2015 .-- 304 p. - (Ruslite. Literary monuments of the XX century). - ISBN 978-5-4212-0181-6.
- Eastern flavor of Dushanbe :: With you on the flight
- Head of Khujand outlaws Iranian and Afghan clothing
- Emomali Rahmon appoints new mayors of Khujand and Istaravshan
- Archived copy (unspecified) (unavailable link)... Retrieved September 7, 2017. Archived September 7, 2017.
Links
- Official city website
- Khujand city portal
- Coat of arms of the city of Khujand, 1910
- TSB: Leninabad
- Khujand // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
It is the second largest city in the country and one of the oldest in Central Asia. According to the 2018 census, more than 179 thousand people live in it.
Khujand is located in a beautiful valley on the banks of the Syr Darya River, mountains rise around it. Thanks to this location, the air in the city is fresh and clean. Khujand is not a modern metropolis, but rather an echo of the Soviet and post-Soviet times. The streets of the city are calm and bright, and the people are friendly and helpful. You can buy delicious, juicy and inexpensive fruits in the markets.
Khujand is an ancient city. No one can say for sure when people first settled here. The founding date of Khujand is considered to be 514 BC. e.
In the VI century. BC e. the city was conquered by Alexander the Great and was named Alexandria Eskhati. In the VIII century. it was captured by the Arabs, and the XIII century. - Tatar-Mongols, who almost completely destroyed the city. But thanks to the favorable location and the fact that trade routes passed through it, the city was restored. Over time, it turned into a major center for science, culture, politics and trade.
In 1866, Khujand was conquered by the Russian Empire and received new opportunities for development. During the Soviet era, the city was renamed Leninabad.
How to get there
You can get to Khujand from the capital of Tajikistan or from Uzbekistan. A taxi from Tashkent will not cost too much. The way from Dushanbe runs through two mountain passes, the journey will take at least 5 hours.
Trains go from Dushanbe to Khujand, but this type of transport is not entirely convenient, since you have to cross the border with Uzbekistan, and inspection at the Uzbek customs takes a lot of time and is notable for its scrupulousness.
Airplanes fly from the capital to Khujand three times a day. This option of movement is not only convenient, but also allows you to admire the Pamirs from a height. The airport is located 10 km from Khujand.
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