Sailscalled the connected canvas canvas, which perceive the pressure of the wind and used to move the ship. The totality of all sails is called sailing weapons the ship. Sailing is understood as the total area of \u200b\u200ball sails, and the types of sails that this vesselor boat (Latin, straight, storm, etc.). Distinguish nasal windage, the area of \u200b\u200bthe sails that are to the nose from the vertical axis of rotation the ship, and stern - the area of \u200b\u200bthe sails, which are located in the stern from this axis. These terms are used in the study of the impact that the corresponding sails on the yaw and agility of the ship.
Sail Classification
Sails are divided depending on their shape and anchorage.
The shape distinguishes between rectangular, trapezoidal and triangular sails.
Depending on the mounting location:
sails the upper edge, which is attached to the yoke;
sails are one of the sides that are attached to the mast;
sails, in which one of the sides is mounted on a cable.
In addition, all sails can be divided into straight and oblique - the first set across, and the second along the diametrical plane of the vessel. Oblique sails are divided into Latin, hafer, jibs and staysails.
Direct sails
Direct sails have a quadrangular - rectangular or trapezoidal shape and are attached to the yoke with their upper side. The lower side, usually slightly curved to the top, is attached with sheaves and tacks to the underlying shovel or deck of the ship. Straight sails are easy to fasten and set, it is easy to divide into smaller ones. They are widespread, but maneuvering a vessel with them is extremely inconvenient, since the smallest (effective) angle between the direction of the wind and the diametrical plane of the bow of the vessel is approximately 67 degrees. Vessels with such sails are the five-masted ship Royal Clipper, the four-masted barque Kruzenshtern. Depending on the ray to which the sail is attached, there are: foresail, for-marseille (lower and upper), for-brahmseli (lower and upper), mainsail (main and lower) and mains-bom-brasel; mizzen, kruisels (lower and upper), kruys-brahmsels (lower and upper) and kruys-bom-brahmsel. (fig. 1)
1 - fore-staysail-staysail; 2 - middle jib; 3 - jib; 4 - bom cleaver; 5 - focus; 6 - lower fort-marseille; 7 - Upper Fort Marseille; 8 - lower fore - brahmsel; 9 - upper forbramsel; 10 - for-bom-brahmsel; 11 - Fort Trumesel; 12 - grotto; 13 - lower grotto-brahmsel; 14 - upper grotto Marseille; 15 - lower grotto-brahmsel; 16 - upper grotto-grotto; 17 - mainsail-bom-brahmsel; 18 - grotto-trumessel; 19 - the grotto-munsel (a small sail that was used on large sailing ships); 20 - mizzen; 21 - lower crusel; 22 - upper crusel; 23 - lower cruise brahmsel; 24 - upper cruise brahmsel; 25 - cruise-bom-brahmsel; 26 - cruise-trumessel; 27 - counter mizzen; 28 - for-under-lisel; 29 - for-mars-fox; 30 - forbram-lisel; 31 - for-bom-bram-liselle;
Direct sails previously installed on the blind-stand (bom-blind-boven), as well as on the blind- and bom-blind-rai (blind under the bowsprit and bom-blind under the attachment). Their feature was made two or three holes for the drain of water that fell on the sail. Fock, mainsail and mizzen are called lower, or storm sails, while the rest are called Marseille, Brahmseli and Bom-Brahmseli, upper. (fig. 2)
set of straight sails
I - usual with one marseille: 1 - mainsail, 2 - marseille, 3 - brahmsel, 4 - upper brahmsel;
II - with the lower and upper Marseille: 1 - the mainsail, 2 - the lower Marseille, 3 - the upper Marseille, 4 - the lower Marseille, 5 - the upper brahmsel, 6 - bom-brahmsel;
Latin sails
Latin sails these are triangular-shaped sails, tied to the yarn with the long side; in the diametrical plane of the vessel, in the direction of the stern, they are stretched with the help of a sheet. Latin sails are skew. They allow the ship to go at an angle of 20 degrees relative to the course of the ship and the direction of the wind. Latin sails are called depending on their affiliation with a particular mast, namely: Latin foresail, mainsail and mizzen. The largest sail used in the galleys was called "bastardo", the middle - "borda", the smallest "marabotto". Each of the sails was set depending on the strength of the wind. In bad weather, a “fortune-ray” raised a straight line - a storm sail. Until the end of the 18th century, on ships with direct sails, the mizzen mast carried the Latin mizan. Already from the middle of the 18th century, two forms of bisan began to be used: the traditional triangular (so-called mizan of the French type) and trapezoidal, fixed with its upper side to the rail, and the front, vertical one, on the mast (mizan of the English type). The mizzen of this form was like a hafel sail - a trisel. (fig. 3)
Hafel Sails
Hafel Sails have a trapezoidal shape and are divided into actually hafel sails (trisels), gulf topsels, lugeror railand sprint. Trysailhas the shape of an irregular trapezoid, which with its upper edge is attached to the mizzen giselle, the lower edge to the mizzen-geek and the vertical side to the mast or trisel mast. Gulf-topsel - a triangular sail, which with its lower side is attached to the mizzen gafel, and the vertical side - to the post. Triseliset on the mizzen masts of ships with direct sails and on all masts of a hafel schooner. At tenders, the trisel and half-mastel are currently replaced with one triangular sail, the vertical side of which goes along the mast in a special groove or shoulder strap, and the lower one is attached to the boom. In the UK he was called Bermuda.
Luger or rake sailsthey are a type of hafel: their upper side is attached to a small rail, the halyard of which is fixed to a third of the length of the rail, counting from the front knock. They are called “Tretyaks”. The lower front corner of the sail is pulled towards the bow, and the rear - towards the stern. There is a quarter. So called luger sail, the lower front corner of which is attached near the mast, and the halyard - on one quarter of the length of the rake, counting from the front knock. Sprint sails are quadrangular sails with a sharp rear knock angle, which is stretched by a diagonally set rod - sprint. The lower end of the sprint abuts against the line on the mast, and the upper end - against the rear corner of the sail. Previously, hawfed sails were divided into hafel sails with a hafel and boom (brigantine); Hafel sail without boom; sprint sails, similar to the above, called “livarda” - by the name of the sprint; luger sails identical to the Tretyaks, and billander, also similar to the Tretyaks. Billander was the main sail of the ships, which the British and Dutch used as merchant ships. These were two-masted vessels with a very long trapezoidal sail, which hung on a small ray. The oblique sails include triangular sails: guari and large spherical spinnakers mounted on the bow with the help of a shot - spinnaker-boom - and used in fair winds. This sail is considered optional. (fig. 4)
Staysail
These triangular sails go along the headquarters, from which they got the name staysail (German stag - headquarters, segel - sail). Staysaillocated between the fore and main masts, they are divided into the following: main-staysail (rarely used), main-stays-staysail (called “coal”, as smoke from the galley pipe polluted it), main-bram-staysail and mainsail bram-bram-staysail. Between the main and mizzen masts they put an apsel, or "mizzen staysail"; cruise-staysail; cruise-bram-staysail and cruise-bom-bram-staysail (Fig. 5). Previously, the following staysails were distinguished: mainsail-staysail, mainsail-staysail, “second” or “small” mainsail-staysail (midship-staysail); mainsail-bram-staysail, cruise-staysail or “cruise jib”; cruise-sten-staysail, cruise-bram-staysail and the “second” cruise-bram-staysail (rarely used).
Jib
These triangular sails are placed between the foremast and the bowsprit, sometimes directly on the poles or handrails specially stretched for them. Jibs appeared in the 18th century.
Modern sailing shipsthat have a long harness can carry the following jib: on the fore-headquarters - a storm fore-staysail-staysail or fore-staysail (they rise during a storm; in the XVIII century in these cases a double sail or “storm jib” was set); on for-sten-shtag - for-stengi-staysail; on leer - middle jib, jib or bom jib. Sometimes they also use the sixth jib, which goes along the forbom-bram-headquarters. With a small rigging, sailing vessels carried four jibs: for-rods-staysail, middle jib and bom-jib (Fig. 6 b). On tenders and yachts they put a special jib, the lower edge of which has a considerable length. Such jibcalled "Genoa" (Genoese staysail). Military vessels, as a rule, had four jibs: for-shafts-staysail, or "small jib"; middle jib, jib, or “second jib”, or “false jib”; bom jib, or "third jib".
Extra Sails
Sails, which are added to the main direct sails of the vessel to increase speed in light winds, are called extra. These include: trapezoid foxes and bram-foxes, which are placed on the sides of the marseille and bramsels, triangular or quadrangular under-foxes, which are placed on the sides of the foresail and mainsail (Fig. 7 or 8).
Earlier, canvas was also called optional, which was attached to direct sails from the sides, and sometimes from below. These are foxes or bonnets. Distinguished: fore and grotto-bonettes (under-foxes), fore- and mainsail-mars-bonets, fore- and main-grotto-bonet. Sometimes bonnets or foxes were also set at mizzen and kruisel. During the XIV-XVI centuries, bonnets were attached from below directly to the lower sails, including the Latin mizzen. With the introduction of reefs, they went out of use (Fig. 6).
Storm sails
In stormy conditions, the sail area is usually reduced in accordance with the strength of the wind. Storm sail-staysail, storm fore-stair-staysail, lower marseille, grilled mainsail, main-sten-staysail and grinded mizzen are classified as storm sails.
Sail details
Straight Sail Details
Sails consist of several parallel panels of canvas, imposed inlaid and sewn together with a double seam. The distance between the seams is 2-3 cm. The edges of the sail are bent and stitched, so they are usually double. A vegetable or flexible steel cable called a lyktros is sewn along the edges of the sail. The upper edge of the sail, which is tied to the yarn, is called the upper pivot or “head”, the lateral vertical edges are called side pivots and the lower edge is the lower pivot or “sole” (Fig. 9).
The upper corners of the sail are called knock-downs, the lower - shkotovye. (fig. 10). To strengthen the sail in the most stressful places sew strips of canvas. If they run parallel to the lower ship, then they are called bows, if they are oblique, then they are bows. Clew and knot corners and lyktros are additionally lined with leather. Reefs are called a horizontal series of ties - reef seasons, threaded through a sail, which, if necessary, reduce its area. When taking the reefs, the canvas between the ray and the corresponding reef bow is rolled up, and the resulting roll is tied up with reef seasons. This method of taking reefs has survived to this day.
The grommets pass through the upper scaffold of the sail, through which small segments of the line are passed - revants, which are used to fasten the sail to the yarn lee. (Fig. 11) The sail is superimposed on the ray and fastened with small tips, the so-called season, which are tied to the ray of the rail. The jacket of the laid sail is fixed with a triangular piece of canvas tied to the middle of the yarn.
Vintage sails
Details antique sails had the same distinguishing features and the same designations as the details of modern sails. So, on a direct sail, they distinguished between: panels or the upper crib, “sides” (side crib), “legs” (lower crib), clew and knot corners. There were “head”, “side” and “foot” lyktros. To reinforce the sail, boats, stoplats, reef bows with reef ghats for reef seasons, and others were sewn onto it.
Sail details
I - lower sail or storm; II - Marseille; III - brahmsel;
1 - lyktrosa upper breech; 2 - lyktrosy side scaffolds; 3 - reef roll gels; 4 - reef seasons; 5 - canvas of the corresponding reef; 6 - revenants; 7 - reef - bows; 8 - reef gates; 9 - Krengels bouts; 10 - binder; 11 - stoplat; 12 - revants of the knock angle; 13 - upper crib; 14 - side lifts; 15 - lyktros lower castor; 16 - krengels sprite boulin; (fig. 12)
full sailing of a three-masted ship of the XVII - XVIII centuries
1 - mainsail; 2 - fock; 3 - Marseille (mainsail, marseille or cruisel); 4 - brahmsel; 5 - bom-bram-sel; 6 - blind or bom-blind; 7 - mizzen; 8 - Mars-fox; 9 - staysail mainsail; 10 - mainsail-staysail; 11 - bram-fox; 12 - underder - fox; 13 - fore-stays-staysail; 14 - bom cleaver; 15 - jib; 16 - middle jib; (fig. 13)
armament of direct sails on the ship XVIII - beginning of XIX centuries(fig. 14)
The sail was attached directly to the yoke with the help of revants, who passed through the grommets of the upper crib. At the revenant, so that he did not jump out of the grommet, two knots were made. Similarly, reef seasons were attached to the reef ghats. Slags were laid in opposite directions and then tied their ends together. (fig. 15)
Details of latin sails
Latin sails Sewn from the cloth canvas, and have bent edges trimmed with lyktrosom. The scoop of the sail, which is attached to the yarn, is called a scythe, aft - the back and the last - the bottom (Fig. 16)
Jib details
1 - cloth; 2 - binder; 3 - lyktros; 4 - bouts; 5 - front luff; 6 - rear luff; 7 - lower crib; 8 - tack angle; 9 - a knock angle; 10 - clew angle; 11 - eyelets for mounting raxes; 12 - krengels;
The upper corner of the sail is called the tack, the lower front is called the tack, and the lower rear is called clew. Also called parts of staysails and jibs. (fig. 17)
Latin sails fasten on the yards with the help of the running end - slack, which passes through the grommets of the sail and around the yoke with a special knot tightening the loops. (fig. 18)
Hafel Sails Details
Hafel Sails also sewn from canvas panels and have folded edges around the perimeter. Sheathed with lyktros with the corresponding reefs, krengels, bows and bows. The scaffold, which is attached to the hafel, is called the top or oblique, the scaffold, which is attached to the mast, is called the front (standing), rear (clew) and the last (bottom). Hafel Sailjoins the mast with the help of wooden or iron hoops - segars. (fig. 19)
Trisel Details
1 - cloth; 2 - boat; 3 - lyktros; 4 - canvas of the corresponding reef; 5 - reef bows; 6 - clew reef-krengels; 7 - tack reef-krengels; 8 - upper crib; 9 - rear luff; 10 - front luff; 11 - lower crib; 12 - nock-benzel corner; 13 - clew angle; 14 - tack angle; 15 - upper tack angle; 16 - eyelets for slab;
Sails for making sails
Sailsew from linen, hemp or cotton fabrics. In the latter, only transverse threads are cotton, longitudinal (warp) - hemp. There are five varieties of such fabrics: “Katun” (for sail sails and small vessels), double “Katun” for marseille and ship awnings, ordinary “Katun” for boats, simple “Katun” for shebeks and “Katun” with small white and blue squares for tents and curtains. Sometimes used canvas "melistukha." It was made in Beaufort and Augers in the departments of Mayeni and Loire. There were two types of fabric: thinner and lighter for brahmsels, staysails and jibs, and coarser and more durable for marsels, lower staysels, etc. Canvasalways had a light gray color. For sailing use special sailing threads.
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English (auto-detected) »Russian
Outrigger - a float fastened by transverse beams to the hull of a pro-type sailing vessel on the leeward side, or a counterweight balancer, installed in the same way on the windward side, which serve to ensure stability and tipping.
Ahtershtag - a cable of a standing rigging, unfastening the mast in the longitudinal direction from the stern.
Achterstein - a detail of the design of the vessel with a pointed (whaleboat) stern, on which the ends of the sheathing of the hull are connected.
Backstay-1. The course of the sailing ship, in which the wind blows from the stern at an angle of 15-85 ° to the DP. - 2. Standing rigging cable, unfastening the mast from the stern at an angle to the DP.
Baller - the axis of the steering wheel to which the feather of the steering wheel and the tiller are attached.
Bank - a transverse board serving as reinforcement of the hull of the boat, as well as a seat.
Buttocks - lines on the projection "side" of the theoretical drawing, obtained by the section of the hull of the vessel with vertical planes parallel to the DP.
Badewind - the course of a sailing vessel, in which the wind blows from the bow at an angle from 30 ° (steep B.) to 80 ° (full B.).
Mizzen - sail on the aft mast (mizzen mast).
Beam - transverse horizontal connection set of the hull, which serves to maintain the deck deck and perceiving transverse loads, compressing the hull from the sides.
Boat - reinforcing sail pad sewn in its corners.
Braces - tackles attached to the rods' socks and used to turn a straight sail in a horizontal plane.
Breshtuk - a triangular horizontal knit connecting the girders and the stringer with the stem in the bow of the boat.
Brief - direct auxiliary sail, installed in fair wind on motor and rowing vessels.
Brucean - a piece of canvas, which the mast is tied at the pärtners to prevent water from entering the cabin.
Bowline - tackle for tightening the rear skid of an oblique sail or the windward side of the skid of a direct sail.
Bowsprit - a horizontal or inclined beam protruding from the bow of a sailing vessel, which serves to carry forward the forward sails.
Guy - rigging of a standing rigging, with which the mast detaches from the sides.
Vant putens - the details by which the cables are attached to the sides or deck.
Waterline - the projection of the cross section of the ship's hull with a horizontal plane. Structural V. is set by the surface of the water at the design load of the vessel.
Windsurfer - see Sailing board.
Tack.- 1. The position of the sailing vessel relative to the wind (right tack - wind blows to the right side, left tack - to the left). - 2. An extension of the tack angle of the sail. - 3. The path traveled by a sailing vessel between turns when tacking. A short tack with the aim of going into the wind or bypassing an obstacle is called counter-hals.
Gulfwind - the course of the sailing vessel, in which the wind blows at an angle of approximately 90 ° to its DP.
Gaff - the inclined mast of the mast, lifted up the mast and used to secure the upper landing gear of the sail.
Geek - mast tree, articulated with the heel to the mast; serves for fastening the lower skid of an oblique sail.
Hump \u200b\u200bsail - the back of the oblique sail panel, protruding beyond the line between the halyard and clew angles.
The mainsail - with oblique armament, a sail, which is set up as a front hoist on the main mast.
Mainsail - tackle of a running rigging, which serves to raise the grotto.
The diametrical plane (DP) is a longitudinal vertical plane dividing the hull of the vessel into two symmetrical parts.
Dirik Fal - tackle of a running rigging, with the help of which the hafs are lifted and held in position.
Trim - the angle of the longitudinal inclination of the vessel.
Drifting - demolition of the vessel under the influence of wind and current.
Bookmark- 1. During the construction of a small vessel - the main unit, assembled from the keel, stem and stern. - 2. Tuck on a sail in order to give it the desired shape (size and location of the belly).
Wind setting - change in the direction of the wind in the direction opposite to the heading of the vessel.
Heel - the thread from which the strand of cable is twisted.
Carlings - a longitudinal under deck beam providing deck stiffness together with beams.
Catamaran - a vessel consisting of two identical hulls connected by a transverse connection - a bridge.
Keel - the main longitudinal beam of the hull set of the vessel, installed in the DP from the stem to the shaft or transom.
Fin keel - a vertical plate installed under the bottom in the DP to reduce the drift of the sailing vessel under the wind.
Keels - a kind of fin keel; set in pairs on the cheekbones; provide less sediment than fin, but inferior to it in efficiency.
Kilson - the longitudinal beam of the hull kit, which is installed on top of the frames and connected to the keel through bolts.
Knitz - a kit part used to connect the housing connections.
Koush - a metal rim with an oval, triangular or round trough, which is embedded in the ogon to protect the cable from grinding.
Kraspitsa - a spacer installed between the mast and rhomboids.
Grummet - a ring, twisted from strands of a thin cable and embedded in the sail box for fastening gear - sheet, tack, etc.
Tack - movement under sails against the wind along the broken line by tacks.
Leventik - inoperative position of the sails when the vessel is against the wind.
Face - edge of the sail.
Likpaz - a recess in the mast or boom, into which the hoist of the sail with lyktros is fed.
Liktros - a cable sewn to the sail boat (face) of the sail.
Malka - the angle specified by the theoretical drawing of the ship’s hull between the sheathing plane and the surface of the set part adjacent to it.
Midship frame - the cross section of the hull of the vessel with a vertical plane in the middle part or in the widest place.
Ship set - longitudinal and transverse connections forming the skeleton of the vessel, defining the shape of its hull, providing strength and rigidity of the structure.
Knock - the outer end of a horizontal or inclined mast tree (boom, hafel).
Butt - a bolt with a ring.
Fire - a loop braided on gear.
Main line (OL) - the line of the theoretical drawing of the vessel passing through the lower point of the keel parallel to the plane of the waterline; heights from all the other lines of the theoretical drawing are counted from the OL.
Stability - the ability of the vessel to return to its initial position - on an even keel or with a constant roll after the termination of external forces.
Payol - removable wooden flooring.
Sailing board - a sports equipment for sailing, ”consisting of a flat float (board) with a mast pivotally attached to it; standing on the board and holding on to the boom - bow, the athlete controls P. D. the movement of the mast with a sail and the center of gravity of his own body.
Stanchion - a vertical rack supporting beams.
Plaz - a flat platform (floor or shield), on which a theoretical drawing of the vessel is drawn in full size or sails are marked.
Plaza ordinates - presented in tabular form, the dimensions characterizing the position (distance from the DP and OL) of the points of intersection of the longitudinal lines of the theoretical drawing with frames.
Planshire - a board or beam covering the edge of the side of the deckless boat or the upper edge of the bulwark.
Podlegars - the connection passing along the side of the boat, on which the banks rely.
Girder - a solid beam installed along the side from the outside to protect the skin from impacts or (on boats) inside the hull along the upper ends of the frames to strengthen the set.
Proa - a sailing vessel, the stability of which is provided by the outrigger.
Bunt - the bulge of the sailing cloth, the shape of which is characterized by the ratio of the arrow of the deflection to the chord.
Pärtners - a hole in the deck, the can through which the mast passes.
Raxa - metal rings, which fasten the sail anchor to the headquarters.
Mast - the general name of the masts, booms, roars and other trees on the ship ..
Rezenkil - a beam, which is placed on the keel inside the vessel; flora are attached to R.
Reek - mast tree to stretch the sail around the corners.
Ray - a mast tree, suspended in the middle of the mast for stretching the skins of a direct sail.
Reef bow - a strip of fabric sewn onto a sail parallel to the lower crib to increase the strength of the cloth in the place where it is tied to the boom when taking reefs.
Reefs to take - reduce the area of \u200b\u200bthe sail when the wind intensifies, tying or screwing its lower part onto the boom.
Reef season - tips with which the sail is laced to the boom when taking reefs.
Reef shter - Short ties to tie the bottom of the sail to the boom when taking reefs.
Tiller - the lever with which the steering wheel is turned.
Scour - deviate from course due to unskilled management or poor stability of the vessel.
Stopper - a device for holding a cable selected for the year, for example, sheet.
Stringer - a detail of a longitudinal set, a beam installed along the sides and bottom. Zygomatic S. is placed on the cheekbone.
Rigging rigging - mobile gear of sailing weapons.
Standing rigging - cables with which the mast is unfastened.
Lanyard - a device for tightness of a standing rigging. Mainly used screw T. On sailing boats and kayaks as T. use carried out in. several lopars cable.
Theoretical drawing - projections of sections of the hull in three mutually perpendicular planes, defining its shape. In conjunction with the table of ordinate plazas, it serves as the basis for marking body parts and casing.
Top - top of the mast.
Topenant - the tackle of a running rigging, which serves to maintain the knowledge of geeks, reys, etc.
RIB - the side of the frame, composed of separate parts - futoks.
Springboard - a soft deck of racing and light tourist catamarans, stretched from fabric between the beams of the transverse bridge.
Transom - flat aft end of the hull.
Trimaran - a vessel consisting of a middle (main) hull and lateral floats attached to it by transverse beams, which serve to ensure stability and reduce heel.
Roll away under the wind - change the course of the sailing vessel to a more complete one.
Controllability - the speed of response of the vessel to the rudder.
Stability on the course - the property of the vessel to maintain its direction of motion.
Wishbom - boom in the form of two arcs covering the sail. Gained distribution on sailing boards.
Fal- rigging rigging for lifting sails or yards.
Falin - a rope tied in the bow or stern of the boat for mooring and towing.
Falovy board - a rigid plate (usually made of plywood), attached to the bottom corner of the sail to increase its rigidity and strength.
Tail angle - the upper corner of the sail, for which it is raised with a halyard.
Bulwark - a rail or metal profile, placed along the edge of the deck to protect people from slipping overboard.
False keel - a longitudinal beam fixed to the keel outside the hull. On yachts, F. has a considerable height and serves to counter drift.
Falshov - fold on the sail to strengthen the panel.
Flor - transverse connection of the bottom set, connecting the parts of the frame frame and serving for its fastening to the keel.
Flortimbers - the bottom of the composite frame.
Fordewind - sailing ship course straight downwind.
Forepeak - the nasal compartment identified by the collision bulkhead.
Forcepiegel - nasal transom; It is mainly used on small sailing dinghies.
Stem - an inclined or curved beam forming the bow of the vessel; on F. the nasal ends are fastened by swelling of the skin.
Footstock - a pole with divisions for measuring shallow depths.
Running end (Lapp) - the end of the gear for which it is chosen.
Mooring - cable used for mooring.
Daggerboard - lifting keel; distinguish dagger W., lowered vertically, and folding, rotating on the axis.
Sailing dinghy - sailing boat with a dagger.
Dowel well - the device in which the dagger is placed.
Schwerttal - a cable held in several lopars to raise the daggerboard.
Schverts - daggers, hung from the sides.
Shkatorina - edge of the sail.
Squall - sudden strong gust of wind.
Sheet -1. The rigging of a running rigging that attaches to the bottom of a boom or yoke and serves to control the sail. - 2. Tackle, knitted into the clew angle of the oblique sail to stretch it along the boom.
Clew angle - lower rear corner of the sail.
Frame - detail of the transverse set of the vessel; in the theoretical drawing, projections of the cross section of the casing by vertical planes.
Sprit - a rack, bursting diagonal quadrangular sail.
Stag - Standing rigging gear supporting the mast in front.
Sturtros - a flexible cable that transfers force from the control to the tiller or sector on the rudder balloon.
Yal - seaworthy rowing and sailing boat; by the number of oars they are called “deuces”, “fours”, “sixes”.
Yacht - in the broad sense, a motor or sailing vessel for tourism; more narrowly - a sailing vessel for sport or tourism, having a ballast false tail.
A letter from the Redneck family to his son. (Redneck is a resident of the southern states of the USA).
My favorite redneck son!
I write very slowly, because I know that you cannot read fast. We no longer live where we lived before you left us. Your dad read in a newspaper that most accidents happen 20 miles from home, and we moved away.
And I can’t send you my address, since the last family from Arkansas, who lived here before us, took all the house numbers with them so that they would not change their addresses.
We have a good house. There is even a washing machine. True, I’m not sure that it works normally: last week I put laundry in the wash and pulled the chain. Since then, we have not seen linen.
The weather here is nothing. It only rained twice last week; the first time he walked three days, and the second four.
Yes, about the coat that you wanted me to send you: your uncle Billy Bob said that with buttons it would be very difficult to send by mail, so we messed up the buttons and put them in the pockets of the coat.
Bubba locked his keys in a car yesterday; we were very excited because it took him two hours to get me and dad out of the car.
Your sister gave birth this morning, but I still do not know who she has, so I can’t tell you, you are now an uncle or aunt.
Uncle Bobby Ray fell into a barrel of whiskey last week. The men tried to pull him out, but he fought off them and drowned. We cremated him: he burned for three days.
Three of your friends fell off the bridge in their truck. Butch was driving. He opened the window and swam out. The other two were in the back. They drowned because they could not lower the tailgate to exit.
There is nothing more to write about. Nothing special, as you see, we did not happen.
Your favorite aunt, Mom.