The Testament of Ilyich (or "Lenin's testament") is a popular expression in Soviet times that indicated that the Soviet country lives and develops along the path outlined by its founder Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Sometimes the last articles and notes of Lenin were considered as covenants; in other cases, a wider range of works was classified as covenants. Some of Lenin’s quotes were especially popular as covenants, for example: “To study, study, study, as the great Lenin bequeathed”. During the years of democratization, Lenin's covenant surfaced and became the subject of discussion about the removal of Stalin from the post of Secretary General. It was also discussed that Lenin might have bequeathed a completely different thing, not what socialist construction led to. Official propaganda claimed that the country's leaders strictly followed the covenants, so they were invariably called "faithful Leninists." Some communist parties (Yugoslavia, China) were criticized for deviating from Lenin's covenants. Already in 1925, a monument to the precepts of Ilyich was erected in Kiev. During the years of Soviet power, the name "Ilyich Testament" was assigned to a significant number of objects: factories and factories, state farms and collective farms.
Stalin and post-Stalin period
The concept of “Lenin’s covenants” was introduced into the circulation by I. V. Stalin, who in his speech at the 2nd Congress of Soviets said:
Departing from us, Comrade Lenin bequeathed to us to keep high and keep clean the great rank of party member. We swear to you, comrade Lenin, that we will honor this commandment with honor! (...)Departing from us, Comrade Lenin bequeathed to us to preserve the unity of our party, like the apple of an eye. We swear to you, comrade Lenin, that we will honor this commandment with honor! (...)
Departing from us, Comrade Lenin bequeathed to us to preserve and strengthen the dictatorship of the proletariat. We swear to you, comrade Lenin, that we will not spare our strength in order to fulfill this your commandment with honor! (...)
Departing from us, Comrade Lenin bequeathed to us to strengthen by all means the alliance of workers and peasants. We swear to you, comrade Lenin, that we will honor this commandment with honor! (...)
Departing from us, Comrade Lenin bequeathed to us to strengthen and expand the union of the republics. We swear to you, comrade Lenin, that we will honor this commandment with honor! (...)
Departing from us, Comrade Lenin bequeathed to us loyalty to the principles of the communist international. We swear to you, comrade Lenin, that we will not spare our lives in order to strengthen and expand the union of the working people of the whole world — the communist international! (...)
A year later, Stalin repeated the term in a brief article, “Workers and Peasant Women, Fulfill Ilyich’s Precepts!”
A year ago, leaving us, the great leader and teacher of the working people, our Lenin, left us covenants, indicated the ways by which we should go to the final victory of communism. Follow these precepts of Ilyich, a worker and a peasant woman! Educate your children in the spirit of these covenants!
Comrade Lenin left us a covenant to strengthen by all means the alliance of workers and peasants. Strengthen this union, workers and peasant women!
Comrade Lenin taught the working people to support the working class in its struggle against the bourgeoisie, internal and external. Remember this covenant, workers and peasant women! Maintain the power of the working class building a new life!
Comrade Lenin taught us to hold high the banner of the Communist Party, the leader of all the oppressed. Rally around this party, the worker and the peasant woman — it is your party!
On the day of the anniversary of the death of Ilyich, the party gives a cry - the road is wider for the worker and the peasant woman, who are building a new life with the party.
In the post-Stalin period, the terms “Leninist course” and “Testament of Ilyich” were often used to contrast the methods of Lenin and Stalin. At the same time, in the late Soviet era, they began to call everything that seemed “democratic”, different from the “totalitarianism” that was associated with Stalin.
Examples of use
- : Lenin Testament - attention to children - as far as we can. Most recently, a kindergarten was opened at our place. The RCP cell put a lot of care and love on its organization. The kids feel great in the garden ... You can safely say that these kids get a really healthy education in precepts of Ilyich.
- : We will go, comrade Lenin, // Poe to your covenants, // Truth of Lenin walks // Throughout the world. // And collective farms in their native country // Grow everywhere. // And you, comrade Lenin, // they will always be remembered!
- : Faithful to the precepts of Lenin and Stalin’s instructions, the Red Army will cross the borders of the aggressor, crush the enemy with the power of its weapons and with an armed hand will help the working people of the aggressor countries to overthrow capitalist slavery.
- : Underground gasification is Leninism in action, the embodiment of one of the brilliant lenin's covenants. May 4, 1913 in the newspaper "Pravda" appeared a small article by Lenin, "One of the great victories of technology." Lenin responded to a message about the discovery of a method for direct gas production from coal seams. In the idea of \u200b\u200bunderground gasification, V. I. Lenin saw a “gigantic technical revolution”, saw the opportunity “to use twice as much of the energy contained in coal ...” “The revolution in industry caused by this discovery,” Lenin predicted, “will be enormous.”
- Valentin Kataev. : Over the tomb of the immortal Lenin, Stalin made a great oath to sacredly fulfill precepts of Ilyich. Above the tomb of the immortal Stalin, we take a great oath to sacredly fulfill his covenants.
- : Young men and women gathered in the old Azov village of Peshkovo from all over the Azov region, who graduated from high school this year. Why exactly in Peshkov? Yes, because on the collective farm "Testament of Ilyich" the famous farmer, Hero of Socialist Labor Fedor Yakovlevich Kanivets lives and works.
- Solemn promise of a pioneer of the Soviet Union: “I, (surname, name), joining the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, solemnly promise in the face of my comrades: to love and cherish my Motherland, to live, as the great Lenin bequeathed"as taught by the Communist Party, as required by the Laws of the Pioneers of the Soviet Union."
Popular Testament Quotes
- Study, study, study. It is a common misconception that Lenin uttered this phrase at the III All-Russian Congress of the RKSM on October 2, 1920. In fact, even though he said in this speech that it was necessary to learn communism, he did not repeat the word “learn” three times. But in the article “A Backward Direction in Russian Social Democracy” (g, published in g), he used the following repetition:
While an educated society is losing interest in honest, illegal literature, a passionate desire for knowledge and socialism is growing among workers, real heroes stand out among workers, who - despite the ugly atmosphere of their lives, despite the stupid hard labor in the factory - find in themselves so much character and willpower to study, study and study and make oneself conscious of the Social Democrats, the “working intelligentsia”.A similar repetition was made in the article “Better Less, Better”:
At any cost, we need to set ourselves the task of updating our state apparatus: firstly, to study, secondly, to study, and thirdly, to study and then check that our science does not remain a dead letter or a fashionable phrase (and this, there’s nothing to hide, we especially happen), so that science really enters the flesh and blood, turns into an integral element of everyday life in a very and real way.In a report to the Fourth Congress of the Comintern, "Five Years of the Russian Revolution and the Prospects of the World Revolution," the word was repeated twice:
... we must use every moment, free from military activity, from war, for study and, moreover, first. The whole party and all layers of Russia prove this with their thirst for knowledge. This desire for learning shows that the most important task for us now is: study and study.To study several times in a row, Stalin recommended in a speech at the VIII Congress of the Komsomol:
To master science, to forge new cadres of Bolsheviks - specialists in all fields of knowledge, study, study, study in a persistent manner - that is the task now.Several anecdotes are devoted to this phrase, for example such. Pupils spend a spiritualistic session. Aroused the spirit of Lenin. Lenin: “Learn, study, study!” Schoolchildren: “And so that your spirit is not here!”
- Communism is Soviet power plus the electrification of the whole country. According to this instruction, Ilyich’s bulbs were lit throughout Russia. The phrase was spoken in the speech “Our External and Internal Situation and Tasks of the Party” at the Moscow Provincial Conference of the RCP (B) 1920:
Communism is Soviet power plus electrification of the whole countrybecause it is impossible to raise industry without electrification ... Communism presupposes Soviet power as a political body that enables the mass of the oppressed to do all things - communism is impossible without it ... This ensures the political side, but the economic side can only be achieved when it is really in the Russian proletarian state all the threads of a large industrial machine built on the foundations of modern technology will be concentrated, which means electrification, and for this you need to understand the basic conditions the use of electricity and thus understand both industry and agriculture.
- Better less, but better..
- Of all the arts, cinema is the most important for us..
In a conversation with A. V. Lunacharsky in February 1922, V. I. Lenin “emphasized the need to establish a certain proportion between fascinating films and scientific ones.” Vladimir Ilyich, writes in his memoirs A.V. Lunacharsky, told me that the production of new films, imbued with communist ideas, reflecting Soviet reality, should begin with a chronicle, which, in his opinion, the production time of such films may not yet be has come. “If you have a good chronicle, serious and enlightening pictures, it doesn’t matter that some useless tape, more or less the usual type, will be used to attract the public. Of course, censorship is still needed. Counterrevolutionary and immoral tapes should not take place. ” Vladimir Ilyich added to this: “As you get on your feet thanks to the right economy, and maybe, and with a general improvement in the country's situation, you get a well-known loan for this business, you will have to expand production more broadly, and in particular, to promote healthy cinema in the masses in the city, and even more so in the countryside ... You must firmly remember that of all the arts, cinema is the most important for us ”(Sovetskoe Kino, No. 1-2, 1933, p. 10).
Full composition of writings. - 5th ed. - T.44. - S.579
- Unions - School of Communism.
Recent works of Lenin
In December 1922, Lenin's health condition deteriorated sharply. During this period, however, he dictated several notes: “Letter to the Congress,” “On Giving Legislative Functions to the State Planning Commission,” “On the Question of Nationalities or on“ Autonomy, ”“ Pages from a Diary, ”“ On Cooperation, ”“ About our revolution (regarding notes by N. Sukhanov) "," How can we reorganize Rabkrin (Proposal to the XII Party Congress) "," Better Less, Better. "
"Letter to the Congress" - Lenin's testament
The “Letter to the Congress” dictated by Lenin () is often regarded as a Lenin testament. Some believe that this letter contained a real testament of Lenin, from which Stalin later deviated. Proponents of this point of view believe that if the country developed along the real Leninist path, many problems would not have arisen. "Letter to the Congress" includes the following provisions:
- An increase in the number of members of the Central Committee to several tens or even hundreds.
- Central to the question of stability are such members of the Central Committee as Stalin and Trotsky. Relations between them make up more than half the danger of a split.
- Comrade Having become secretary general, Stalin concentrated immense power in his hands, and I'm not sure if he will always be able to use this power with caution.
- Comrade Trotsky is perhaps the most capable person in the present Central Committee, but also excessively lacking in self-confidence and excessive enthusiasm for the purely administrative side of things.
- These two qualities of two outstanding leaders of the modern Central Committee are capable of inadvertently leading to a split.
- The October episode of Zinoviev and Kamenev, of course, was not an accident.
- Bukharin is not only the party’s most valuable and largest theoretician, he is also legally considered the favorite of the whole party, but his theoretical views can be very doubtfully regarded as completely Marxist, because there is something scholastic in him (he never studied and, I think, never understood quite dialectic).
- Pyatakov is a man of undoubtedly outstanding will and outstanding abilities, but too keen on administration to be able to rely on in a serious political issue.
- Several dozen workers, being part of the Central Committee, will be able, better than anyone else, to engage in the verification, improvement, and reconstruction of our apparatus.
- Stalin is too rude, and this flaw, quite tolerable in the environment and in communications between us Communists, becomes intolerable in the post of Secretary General. Therefore, I suggest that the comrades consider a way to move Stalin from this place and appoint another person to this place, who in all other respects differs from Comrade. Stalin was only one advantage, namely, more tolerant, more loyal, more polite and more considerate of his comrades, less capricious, etc. This circumstance may seem like an insignificant trifle. But I think that from the point of view of safeguarding against schism and from the point of view of what I wrote above about the relationship between Stalin and Trotsky, this is not a trifle, or it is such a trifle that can be decisive.
Thus, the “Letter to the Congress” was rather of a recommendatory nature, although subsequently Nadezhda Krupskaya used the text of the “Letter” as direct evidence against Stalin, speaking of the obligatory fulfillment of the will of Lenin as the first socialist leader.
The implementation of the Leninist plan for building socialism in the USSR
Party documents, scientific works and educational materials of the Soviet period interpreted the development of the USSR after the death of Lenin as "the implementation of the Leninist plan for building socialism." The provision on the possibility of building socialism in a separate country (in contrast to the world revolution that was originally supposed by the classics of Marxism) is one of the main provisions of Leninism. As articles in which a plan for building socialism was developed, they usually indicated “The State and the Revolution,” “Immediate Tasks of the Soviet Government,” “Economics and Politics in the Age of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat,” “Better Less, Better,” “On Cooperation”. The following main stages of the implementation of the Leninist plan were distinguished:
- Socialist industrialization. Although the course towards industrialization was announced after Lenin's death by the Fourteenth Party Congress in December 1925, it was often indicated that this course was a continuation of the Leninist GOELRO plan.
- Cooperation of the peasantry. Assessment of the role of the peasantry in the revolution was the subject of many works of Lenin. One of the first acts of Soviet power was the Land Decree. During the Civil War, peasants were forced to share food with the workers through a food surplus policy, and then a food tax. Lenin devoted several questions to cooperation in the village: “Immediate Tasks of the Soviet Government”, “Report on Work in the Village on March 23, 1919”, “On the Food Tax”, and “On Cooperation”. Complete collectivization was carried out after the death of Lenin by decision of the Fifteenth Party Congress, held in December 1927.
- Cultural revolution. The eradication of illiteracy and the construction of a public education system were also seen as the implementation of Lenin's ideas. It was noted that Lenin pointed out the need to study (or, more precisely, "learn communism," as he was in "The Tasks of Youth Unions").
The idea of \u200b\u200bsocialist competition, which became a popular slogan in the USSR, was often attributed to Lenin. At the same time, they quoted the article “How to organize a competition?”, Which stated:
Socialism not only does not quench competition, but, on the contrary, for the first time creates the opportunity to apply it really broadly, indeed on a massive scale.
According to Soviet theorists, socialism was built in the USSR by 1936. This fact was enshrined in the Constitution of the USSR in 1936.
Precepts of Ilyich on a map of Russia
- Village, Altai Territory, Aleysky District. Post Code: 658110
- The village of Testament Ilyich, the Republic of Bashkortostan, Iglinsky district.
- The village of Testament Ilyich, Krasnodar Territory, Kushchevsky District
- Railway platform of the Testament of Ilyich, Moscow region, Pushkin district.
- microdistrict of the Testament of Ilyich in the city of Pushkino, Moscow Region.
- Village, Saratov region, Engels district. Postcode: 413168
- Village, Sakhalin Region, Nevelsky District. Postcode: 694730
- Village of Testament Ilyich, Smolensk region, Roslavl district.
- The village of Testament Ilyich, Khabarovsk Territory, Sovetsko-Gavansky district.
Songs
- True to the precepts of Lenin. Composer Serafim Tulikov.
The Leninist phrase “Communism is Soviet power plus the electrification of the whole country” fell into jokes: “What is the“ electrification of the whole country ”? “Communism minus Soviet power” or “Soviet power is communism minus the electrification of the whole country.”
Testament of another Ilyich
In connection with the identity of the patronymic, the expression "precepts of Ilyich" is sometimes used in relation to another Ilyich - Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev. The newspaper "Izvestia" published an article "" dedicated to the 20th anniversary of the death of Brezhnev.
Artwork
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Notes
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References
Excerpt from the Testament of Ilyich
- Where are you going? Asked Boris.“To His Majesty with an assignment.”
- There he is! - said Boris, who heard that Rostov needed his highness, instead of his majesty.
And he pointed him to the Grand Duke, who was a hundred paces away, in a helmet and in a cavalry guard, with his shoulders raised and frowning eyebrows, shouting something to an Austrian white and pale officer.
“But this is a great prince, but to me to the commander in chief or to the sovereign,” Rostov said and the horse was touched.
- Count, count! Berg shouted, as lively as Boris, running up from the other side, “Count, I’m wounded in my right hand (he said, showing his hand, bloodied, tied with a handkerchief) and remained in the front.” Count, I hold the sword in my left hand: in our breed von Bergov, count, all were knights.
Berg was still saying something, but Rostov, not having listened to him, had already gone on.
Having passed the guard and the empty gap, Rostov, in order not to fall into the first line again, when he came under attack by the cavalry guards, rode along the reserve line, far circling the place where the hottest shooting and cannonade were heard. Suddenly, in front of himself and behind our troops, in a place where he could not have imagined the enemy, he heard close gunfire.
"What could it be? Thought Rostov. - An enemy in the rear of our troops? It can’t be, Rostov thought, and the horror of fear for himself and for the outcome of the whole battle suddenly came upon him. “Whatever it is, however,” he thought, “now there is nothing to go around.” I have to look for the commander in chief here, and if everything has perished, then it’s my business to perish with all together. ”
The bad premonition that suddenly found itself on Rostov was confirmed more and more as he drove into the space occupied by crowds of diverse troops outside the village of Praz.
- What? What? Who are they shooting at? Who is shooting? Asked Rostov, leveling up with Russian and Austrian soldiers, who had run in mixed crowds across his path.
“Does the devil know them?” He beat everyone! Get lost! - answered him in Russian, German and Czech crowds of people running and not understanding, just like him, what was being done here.
- Beat the Germans! - shouted alone.
“Damn them, traitors.”
- Zum Henker diese Ruesen ... [To hell with these Russians ...] - something German grumbled.
Several wounded walked along the road. Curses, screams, groans merged into one common hum. The shooting calmed down and, as Rostov later found out, Russian and Austrian soldiers shot at each other.
"Oh my God! what is it? Thought Rostov. “And here, where the emperor can see them at any moment ... But no, that’s true, only a few scoundrels.” It will pass, it is not that, it cannot be, he thought. - Only as soon as possible, drive them through! ”
The thought of defeat and flight could not come to Rostov's head. Although he saw the French guns and troops on Mount Pracenza, on the very one where he was ordered to search for the commander in chief, he could not and did not want to believe it.
Near the village of Praca, Rostov was ordered to search for Kutuzov and the sovereign. But not only were they not here, but there was not a single boss, but there were diverse crowds of upset troops.
He chased the already tired horse in order to drive these crowds as soon as possible, but the further he moved, the more crowds became more upset. On the big road on which he drove, there were crowds of carriages, crews of all sorts, Russian and Austrian soldiers, of all military branches, wounded and not wounded. All this was buzzing and mixed up to the grim sound of flying cores from French batteries placed on the Pracené heights.
- Where is the sovereign? where is kutuzov? Rostov asked everyone he could stop, and could not get an answer from anyone.
Finally, grabbing the soldier’s collar, he made him reply to himself.
- Uh! brother! For a long time, everyone was there, they fled ahead! - the soldier told Rostov, laughing at something and breaking free.
Leaving this soldier, who was obviously drunk, Rostov stopped the horse of the batman or guardian of an important person and began to question him. The batman announced to Rostov that the sovereign had been taken in a carriage along the same road an hour ago, and that the sovereign was dangerously wounded.
“It cannot be,” said Rostov, “that's right, the other is who.”
“I saw it myself,” said the batman with a self-confident grin. - It’s time for me to know the sovereign: it seems how many times in Petersburg I have seen this way. Pale, pale in the carriage sits. It’s like he’ll let the black sheep, my father, thundered past us: it seems time to know the tsar’s horses and Ilya Ivanovich; It seems that the coachman doesn’t travel with another as with Tsar Ilya.
Rostov started up his horse and wanted to go further. A wounded officer walking by turned to him.
- Yes, who do you need? Asked the officer. - Commander-in-chief? So killed by the core, killed in the chest with our regiment.
“Not killed, wounded,” another officer corrected.
- Who? Kutuzov? Asked Rostov.
- Not Kutuzov, but as it were, - well, yes, all one, there are not many living left. Go over there, go to that village, all the authorities gathered there, ”said the officer, pointing to the village of Gostieradek, and passed by.
Rostov rode in step, not knowing why and to whom he would now go. The sovereign is wounded, the battle is lost. It was impossible not to believe this now. Rostov rode in the direction that he was indicated and in which the tower and the church were visible in the distance. Where was he in a hurry? What would he now say to the emperor or Kutuzov, if even they were alive and not injured?
“By this road, your nobleness, go, and then they will directly kill you,” the soldier shouted to him. - They’ll kill me here!
- ABOUT! what are you saying! said another. - Where will he go? It's closer here.
Rostov pondered and drove precisely in the direction where he was told that they would kill him.
“Now it’s all the same: if the sovereign is wounded, can I really take care of myself?” he thought. He drove into the space on which the most dead people fleeing from Prazen. The French have not yet occupied this place, and the Russians, those who were alive or injured, long ago left it. On the field, like mocks on a good arable land, lay ten people, fifteen dead, wounded in every tithe of the place. The wounded crawled in two, three together, and heard unpleasant, sometimes feigned, as Rostov seemed, their cries and groans. Rostov trotted his horse so as not to see all these suffering people, and he became scared. He was not afraid for his life, but for the courage that he needed and which, he knew, would not stand the sight of these unfortunates.
The French, who stopped shooting at this field, dotted with dead and wounded, because there was no one alive yet, when they saw the adjutant riding on it, they pointed a gun at it and threw several cores. The feeling of these whistling, scary sounds and the surrounding dead merged for Rostov into one impression of horror and self-regret. He remembered the last letter of his mother. "What would she feel," he thought, "if she could see me here now, in this field and with guns pointing at me."
In the village of Gostieradek there were, although confused, but in a greater order, Russian troops, marching away from the battlefield. The French cores were no longer reaching here, and the sounds of shooting seemed distant. Here everyone was already clearly seen and said that the battle was lost. To whom Rostov addressed, no one could tell him where the emperor was, nor where Kutuzov was. Some said that the rumor about the sovereign’s wound was fair, others said that they didn’t, and explained this false spreading rumor by the fact that, in the sovereign’s carriage, the pale and frightened head marshal Count Tolstoy rode out with others in the emperor’s retinue on the battlefield. One officer told Rostov that to the left, he saw someone from the higher authorities, and Rostov went there, no longer hoping to find anyone, but only in order to clear his conscience before himself. Having traveled three versts and passing the last Russian troops, near a garden dug in by a ditch, Rostov saw two horsemen standing against the ditch. One, with a white sultan on his hat, seemed somehow familiar to Rostov; another, an unfamiliar rider, on a beautiful red horse (this horse seemed familiar to Rostov) rode up to the ditch, pushed the horse with spurs and, releasing the reins, easily jumped over the ditch of the garden. Only the ground crumbled from the embankment from the horse's hind hooves. Turning his horse abruptly, he again jumped over the ditch and respectfully addressed the horseman with a white sultan, obviously offering to do the same. The horseman, whom the figure seemed familiar to Rostov and for some reason involuntarily riveted his attention to himself, made a negative gesture with his head and hand, and Rostov instantly recognized his mourned, adored sovereign by this gesture.
“But it could not be him, alone in the middle of this empty field,” thought Rostov. At this time, Alexander turned his head, and Rostov saw his favorite features so vividly cut into his memory. The emperor was pale, his cheeks fell and his eyes sagged; but all the more charm, meekness was in his features. Rostov was happy, making sure that the rumor about the sovereign’s wound was unfair. He was happy to see him. He knew that he could, even had to directly contact him and pass on what was ordered to pass on to him from Dolgorukov.
But as a young man in love trembles and becomes younger, not daring to say what he dreams of the night, and looks around in dismay, seeking help or the possibility of a respite and escape, when the desired minute has arrived, and he is alone with her, so Rostov has now reached that what he wanted more than anything in the world, did not know how to approach the sovereign, and he had thousands of ideas for why it was inconvenient, indecent, and impossible.
"How! It seems to me that I am happy to take advantage of the fact that he is alone and discouraged. An unknown face may seem unpleasant and difficult for him at this moment of sadness; then, what can I tell him now, when, at one glance at him, my heart sank and my mouth goes dry? ” Not one of those innumerable speeches which he, addressing the sovereign, composed in his imagination, now crossed his mind. For the most part, these speeches were held under completely different conditions, those were mostly spoken at the moment of victories and triumphs and mainly on the deathbed from received wounds, while the sovereign thanked him for his heroic deeds, and he, dying, expressed to him a love confirmed in practice his own.
“Then, what am I going to ask the sovereign about his orders on the right flank, when it is now the 4th hour of the evening, and the battle is lost? No, definitely I should not drive up to him. Should not violate his reverie. It is better to die a thousand times than to get a bad look from him, a bad opinion, ”Rostov decided, and with sadness and despair in his heart rode away, constantly looking back at the emperor, who was still in the same position of indecision.
While Rostov made these considerations and sadly drove away from the sovereign, captain von Toll accidentally drove into the same place and, seeing the sovereign, drove right up to him, offered him his services and helped him to walk through the ditch. The emperor, wanting to rest and feeling unwell, sat under an apple tree, and Tol stopped beside him. From afar, Rostov with envy and remorse saw how von Toll said something to the emperor for a long time and with ardor, as the emperor, apparently crying, closed his eyes with his hand and shook hands with Tol.
“And that I could be in his place?” Rostov thought to himself and, barely holding back the tears of regret about the fate of the emperor, in complete despair rode on, not knowing where and why he was going now.
His despair was all the more powerful because he felt that his own weakness was the cause of his grief.
He could ... not only could, but he had to drive up to the sovereign. And this was the only occasion to show the sovereign his allegiance. And he did not use it ... "What have I done?" he thought. And he turned the horse and galloped back to the place where he had seen the emperor; but nobody was already beyond the ditch. Only the carts and crews rode. From one lover, Rostov learned that the Kutuzov headquarters was located nearby in the village where the convoys went. Rostov went after them.
Ahead was Kutuzov’s guardian, leading the horses in horse blankets. A wagon rode behind the driver, and an old yard man walked behind the wagon, in a cap, short fur coat and with crooked legs.
- Tit, and Tit! - said the guardian.
- What? - the old man answered absently.
- Titus! Go thresh.
- Uh, fool, ugh! - spitting angrily, said the old man. Some time passed in silent motion, and the same joke was repeated again.
At five in the evening the battle was lost at all points. More than a hundred guns were already in the power of the French.
Przhebyshevsky with his body laid down a weapon. Other columns, having lost about half of the people, retreated in frustrated, mixed crowds.
The remnants of the troops of Langeron and Dokhturov, mingling, crowded near ponds on dams and banks near the village of Augest.
At 6 o’clock only at the Augest dam was still heard the hot cannonade of the French alone, who had built numerous batteries on the descent of the Pracenes heights and hit our retreating troops.
In the rearguard, Dokhturov and others, collecting battalions, were fired from the French cavalry, pursuing ours. It was getting dark. On the narrow dam of Augest, on which the old man the miller with fishing rods peacefully sat in the cap for so many years, while his grandson, rolling up his shirt sleeves, sorted out a trembling silver fish in a watering can; on this dam, over which so many years peacefully drove in their twin carts laden with wheat, in furry hats and blue jackets, moraves and, dusty with flour, with white carts left on the same dam - on this narrow dam now between wagons and guns, beneath the horses and between the wheels crowded disfigured by the fear of death, crushing each other, dying, walking through the dying and killing each other so that, after walking a few steps, to be accurate. also killed.
Every ten seconds, pumping air, a core spanked or a grenade exploded in the middle of this dense crowd, killing and sprinkling the blood of those who were close. Dolokhov, wounded in the arm, on foot with a dozen soldiers of his company (he was already an officer) and his regimental commander, on horseback, were the remains of the entire regiment. Drawn by the crowd, they pushed into the entrance to the dam and, squeezed from all sides, stopped, because the horse fell ahead in front of the cannon, and the crowd pulled it out. One core killed someone behind them, the other hit in front and splattered with blood Dolokhov. The crowd moved desperately, shrank, started off a few steps, and again stopped.
Go through these one hundred steps, and probably saved; stand for another two minutes, and probably died, everyone thought. Dolokhov, standing in the middle of the crowd, rushed to the edge of the dam, knocking down two soldiers, and fled to the slippery ice that covered the pond.
“Turn off,” he cried, bouncing on the ice that was cracking beneath him, “turn off!” He shouted at the gun. - Holds! ...
The ice held it, but bent and cracked, and it was obvious that not only under the cannon or crowd of people, but under it alone it would now collapse. They looked at him and huddled to the shore, still not daring to set foot on the ice. The regiment commander, riding astride the entrance, raised his hand and opened his mouth, turning to Dolokhov. Suddenly one of the cores whistled so low above the crowd that everyone bent down. Something flopped into the wet, and the general fell with his horse into a pool of blood. No one looked at the general, did not think to pick it up.
- Went to the ice! went on the ice! Let's go! the gate! al do not hear! Let's go! - Suddenly, after the nucleus that fell into the general, countless voices were heard, not knowing themselves why and why they were shouting.
One of the rear guns, which entered the dam, turned onto the ice. Crowds of soldiers from the dam began to run to the frozen pond. Under one of the front soldiers, ice cracked, and one leg went into the water; he wanted to recover and fell to the waist.
The nearest soldiers hesitated, the cannon sled stopped his horse, but there were still shouts from behind: “I went on the ice, what I got, I went! go! ” And screams of horror were heard in the crowd. The soldiers surrounding the gun waved at the horses and beat them to turn and move. The horses started off the shore. The ice that kept the pedestrians collapsed in a huge chunk, and forty people on the ice rushed forward, some back, drowning each other.
The cores still whistled evenly and plopped onto the ice, into the water, and most often into the crowd that covered the dam, ponds, and shore.
On the Pracenica Hill, on the very spot where he fell with the flagpole in his hands, Prince Andrei Bolkonsky lay bleeding, and without knowing it, he moaned with a quiet, compassionate and childish groan.
By evening, he stopped moaning and completely subsided. He did not know how long his oblivion lasted. Suddenly he again felt alive and suffering from a burning and tearing pain in his head.
“Where is it, is it a high sky that I did not know until now and have seen today?” was his first thought. “And I did not know this suffering either,” he thought. - Yes, I haven’t known anything yet. But where am I? ”
He began to listen and heard the sounds of the approaching clatter of horses and the sounds of voices speaking French. He opened his eyes. Above him was again the same high sky with floating clouds rising still higher, through which a blue infinity was visible. He did not turn his head and did not see those who, judging by the sound of hoofs and voices, drove up to him and stopped.
The riding up were Napoleon, accompanied by two adjutants. Bonaparte, circling the battlefield, gave the last orders to strengthen the batteries firing at the Augest dam and examined the dead and wounded who remained on the battlefield.
- De beaux hommes! [Beauties!] - said Napoleon, looking at the murdered Russian grenadier, who with his face buried in the ground and blackened back of his head lay on his stomach, throwing away one already stiffened arm.
- Les munitions des pieces de position sont epuisees, sire! [There are no more batteries, Your Majesty!] Said the adjutant at that time, who had come from the batteries firing at Augest.
“Faites avancer celles de la reserve, [order to bring from reserves,]” said Napoleon, and, having driven off a few steps, he stopped above Prince Andrei, lying on his back with the flagpole thrown by him (the banner was already taken like a trophy by the French) .
“Voila une belle mort, [Here is a beautiful death,]” Napoleon said, looking at Bolkonsky.
Prince Andrew realized that this was said about him, and that Napoleon was saying that. He heard the name sire of the one who said these words. But he heard these words, as if he had heard the buzzing of a fly. He was not only not interested in them, but he did not notice, but immediately forgot them. His head burned; he felt that he was bleeding, and he saw a distant, high and eternal sky above him. He knew that it was Napoleon - his hero, but at that moment Napoleon seemed to him such a small, insignificant person in comparison with what was now happening between his soul and this high, endless sky with clouds running through it. He did not care at that moment, no matter who stood over him, no matter what he said about him; he was only glad that people had stopped above him, and only wanted these people to help him and bring him back to a life that seemed so beautiful to him, because he understood it so differently now. He gathered all his strength to move and make some sort of sound. He flicked his foot weakly and made a soft, painful moan that made him soft.
We thoroughly prepared for the trip. We bought all the necessary products, a gas stove with cylinders, drinking water, and many other useful things.
Information about the upcoming trip was collected, both from the Internet, and from friends and acquaintances who had already made such trips. But the relatives discouraged everyone as one, since we were going to go with the whole family with three children. Only a brother, having heard of our crazy desire, broke with Cheboksary and flew to Khabarovsk with his daughter to take part in this event too.
We left the village of Zaveta Ilyich early in the morning, drove half a day in the direction of Khabarovsk. It is in the DIRECTION, since from a 360 km section only about 150 km are rolled into asphalt. The remaining sections are either crushed stone, or stones, or just something else. But the places are beautiful! Hills, mountain rivers, rocks, waterfalls, road workers, serpentines, etc. are forced to ride with their mouths open.
I could not resist and swam in the river. Anyui. True, I had to dry in the car as soon as I got ashore, was immediately attacked by horseflies, and their expression did not bode well. Only at night did we arrive at Khabarovsk airport, where we spent the night for security purposes.
In the morning we met my brother and daughter and went for a walk in the capital of the Far Eastern region. The brother, of course, was impressed, since the Far Eastern landscape is significantly different from the Volga.
And in the evening hit the road.
Looking ahead, it should be noted that there are few families traveling in this way, but there are. Mostly travel the Far East. Maybe residents of the western part of Russia prefer to travel to Europe? By the way, in the future we plan to do so.
The first night was unsuccessful, because we were not able to find the right place for the night in time.
Late at night, we stopped near a cafe, "By the Lake." I slept exactly two hours in the car, and as soon as it dawned a bit, having a cup of coffee, we rushed on. On the way, we stopped to eat, swim, fish, take pictures and just relax.
They tried to spend the night in a tent in the parking lots where truckers stop (they know where to stop safely).
As it turned out, the route of the Amur Region turned out to be the best, most well-maintained (it’s a pity that Comrade Putin was only running it, he had to collect twenty Kalin pieces and go to Moscow itself).
In the Chita region, settlements began to appear along the road, and only signs on the Amur highway. In the village of Amazar, they decided to dilute our diet with local food. A strange thing was noted in the store: all the buyers took the products for the record and only we - for the cash (probably, we also had to open an account). This did not bother the seller, but in the queue an unpleasant whisper crawled. Our peasants have already dismantled our car with our eyes for spare parts, and we, not tempting fate, quietly washed off. Also, everyone noted that they did not meet a single smiling face.
Already in the evening, at a fork in the road, we met a trucker, correcting the load, and they asked him where nearby he could stay for the night. He crossed himself and said in a half-whisper that in our place he would never have stopped anywhere until Chita itself. There is a more or less safe parking lot in Chernyshevsk. And the nearest gas station is in the city of Mogocha, and we headed there.
When I saw this gas station, I remembered my childhood. Yeah, from that time on, the same arrow machine remained. I was somewhat surprised when almost 80 liters came into my 60-liter tank, where 5 liters of gasoline still fluttered. A convincing answer was received to my question: "Now I will invite experts, they will check the capacity of your tank."
I did not wait for the “experts”, and we went to Chernyshevsk. At night, we found this parking lot, gave 200 rubles to a security guard, who, apparently, was barely able to stand on his feet due to fatigue, and the whole family lay down again in the car. Early in the morning we went to Chita. 10 kilometers to the city stopped for lunch. During two hours of rest, the city people drove up to us twice and ... from the bottom of our hearts they wished us a pleasant trip, they were worried if we needed help, they told us under what tree and where which mushroom grows and what kind of berry. We almost burst into tears, but somehow we restrained ourselves in high spirits and drove into this beautiful city. We visited Chita Dasan ...
and walked the streets ...
... bought a dish, a magnet and went on. We spent the night in "Uleta", and there we also went fishing.
Buryatia impressed us with its variety of colors and vast valleys.
Nevertheless, our country is so diverse and attractive that I want to visit these places again and again. To check in Ulan-Ude, I had to deviate from the route and not in vain, I also liked the city.
To be honest, we got a little lost in the city. Either I didn’t notice the sign, or it didn’t exist at all, but the exit from the city was not immediately found. In short, we arrived at Baikal at 21:30 and pitched a tent in the village of Posolskoye.
And in the morning my wife and I took a swim, although the water was cold. We went on an excursion to the monastery ...
Only in the evening did we get to Irkutsk. The city is interesting, but the residents disappointed us. At the entrance to the city, I stopped before a pedestrian crossing, and pedestrians, surprised, rushed to cross the road. We laughed, of course, but when I myself crossed the road with the children, arrogant drivers almost knocked us down. Drivers do not respect pedestrians and each other. I was cut four times, barely moving away from the collision. Nightmare! And in the Irkutsk region there is a small town Nizhneudinsk, so there are no roads at all. Worse roads I have not met. One local driver said they promise to restore asphalt every year, but everyone is used to it.
On the ninth day of the trip, we arrived in Krasnoyarsk. Everyone really liked the city. We met a family from Komsomolsk-on-Amur, also travelers, every year they go somewhere. And the next day they visited Kemerovo - a very cozy and glorious city, ...
... and Novosibirsk. In Novosibirsk, we rode the subway, walked to fame.
Driving through Omsk, we did encounter an anomaly - in a strange way, the navigator failed. True, Omsk specialists defeated this anomaly.
On this day, we decided not to wash ourselves in the river, as usual, but in a regular roadside bath. Emotions overwhelmed, yet how little is needed for happiness.
But Chelyabinsk disappointed - apparently, they didn’t have time to clean up the garbage before our arrival. But magnets with severe Chelyabinsk men in red shorts are more than enough.
On the other side of the Urals, we visited Ufa, sparkling with its purity, rushed through Naberezhnye Chelny and ended up in Kazan, where they were stopped for the only time by traffic police. But not because of the violation, but rather because of the curiosity of the traffic police officer himself.
Kazan, too, was not left without our attention. Thus, amulets of three religions appeared in our car (the Orthodox was purchased and lit with the car in Vanino, the Buddhist was purchased in Chita, the Islamist in Kazan), which together protected us throughout the journey.
In Cheboksary, we made a short stop, because brother and daughter live in this glorious city; and already further we proceeded exclusively with our family.
On the fourteenth day of the trip, we visited Nizhny Novgorod and Vladimir. Of course, I wanted to take a walk there longer, but I had to hurry home to Chekhov.
These two weeks passed so quickly that neither my wife nor my children were tired, and even vice versa, everyone liked it so much that in 2013 we are going to repeat this adventure. We want to deviate from the route and visit other places.
In general, we spent on this trip:
Gasoline - 25,879 rubles.
Food - 6 728 rubles (since they ate mainly their products).
Souvenirs - 7 850 rubles.
Communication - 1,150 rubles.
Parking - 250 rubles.
Other expenses - 896 rubles.
Total: not more than 43,000 rubles.
If anyone has questions, ask, we will answer: This email address is being protected from spambots. You must have javascript enabled to view it. "\u003e ukhtanovi @ mail. ru .
The history of the village of Testament Ilyich dates back to 1909. Initially, they began to populate and build up the left side of Moscow - the western side (the one where the summer-building cooperative "Testament of Ilyich" is located). This area was called the "Gavrilov Heath", as it belonged to the Moscow merchant Gavrilov. Before the revolution, there were 10 houses. After the revolution, the territory was given to the old Bolsheviks for the construction of cottages. In 1919, a summer house-building cooperative was founded here.
Since 1925, construction began on the village itself. The main developer was the cooperative of the People’s Commissariat of Communications "For cultural life." They cut down the forest, bought five houses in Eldigino; built on the street The co-operative two-story building for builders.
The village was built according to the plan, which was carried out by teachers of the forest technical school of the village A. Pravdinsky Nikolaenko, A.I. Ovchinnikov and A.V. Vladychuk. The names of the streets were immediately given: Postal, Cooperative, Comintern, etc. The construction of houses was launched by the following organizations: Glavtabak, Glavzoloto, People's Commissariats of Foreign Affairs, Railways, holiday and construction cooperatives "Hammer and Sickle", "Oil Worker", Mospostamt and others.
At that time, there was a forest between the railway and Pochtovaya Street, in which mushrooms and berries were harvested. In 1934, summer residences began to be populated. Among the first settlers were the families of Rublevsky, Salnikov, Sukachev, Kosminkov, Zotov and others.
In the same year, the old Bolsheviks filed a petition with M. I. Kalinin with a request to name the village the name "Testament of Ilyich."
Since 1936, the development of the eastern side of the village began. In 1939, the first elections to the Soviet were held. The first chairman of the executive committee of the Soviet was elected L. N. Rublevsky.
In November 1939, after the reconstruction, the first seven-year school in the village was opened in a two-story building where builders used to live. Its director was A.T. Shurin. In total, there were 100 students in this school. Until that moment, the children went to the school of the village of Pravdinsky.
In 1943, the school already had 180 students. A Komsomol organization was formed. Her first secretary was Valentina Gorlova.
In 1946, electricity first appeared in the village. Before the start of World War II, the village was in a dense forest of centuries-old pines, which were gradually cut down, especially during the war.
During the war, an outpatient clinic was opened, which was located on Chernyshevsky Street. The first doctor of the outpatient clinic was Arkady Nikolaevich Mezikov.
In 1950-52 The construction of multi-story brick houses began. Now a whole microdistrict has grown here (Stroitelnaya St. and Zheleznodorozhnaya St.). In 1952, a new ten-year school for 280 students was built. Its director was Matvey Abramovich Milkamonovich.
In 1953, the Builder club was built, which was broken in 1986 and the construction of the Builder House of Technology was started.
In 1961, a new high school was built on the street. Dzerzhinsky for 520 students. Its director was Vasily Gavrilovich Segaev.
When the Great Patriotic War began, many residents of the village went to the defense of their homeland. About 200 people did not return from the battlefields.
On September 15, 1966, the executive committee of the Soviet (the chairman of the Soviet, S. I. Pigida and Secretary of the Party Bureau V. F. Tuzikov) decided to erect a monument to the "Unknown Soldier" in the village. The figure of a soldier with a machine gun (sculptor V.A. Dolmatov, height 2, 85 m and weight 6, 5 tons) was made by factory No. 5 of Kaluga. The builder of the monument was the deputy of the council of M. And. Kuksov. The monument was built on July 25, 1967, and its opening took place on October 15 of the same year.
In 1967-68, a Shopping Center was built in the village. In 1971-72, a dam was built on the Serebryanka River, and a beautiful pond was formed after cleaning the reservoir. Soil was taken out of the reservoir to fill the swamp, to the place where the gas boiler room, the village’s bathhouse and residential buildings on ul. Station
In the house number 14 on the street A station council, a village library and a savings bank were placed at the station, and a village dispensary was located at No. 11. Along Marata Street, there were 12 dilapidated houses of the Soviet council that were demolished, and in their place the organization of the Special Construction of Russia (PO Box 5806) built nine-story residential buildings, and all 40 families from the Soviet councils were relocated to comfortable apartments.
In 1984, on the eve of the 40th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War, on the initiative of the Council of Veterans, with the active participation of employees of the military registration desk of the Council of Zaveta Ilyich, the executive committee of the council, Council of Veterans of the village at the personal expense of relatives of those killed in the Great Patriotic War and residents of the village of Zaveta Ilyich a memorial tribune was built and a commemorative plaque was erected with the names of the heroes who died in the battles of 1941-1945. The project of the memorial was executed at public chalah by the architect V.M. Novak. On May 9, 1984, the memorial to those who died at the monument to the Unknown Soldier was inaugurated.
In 1988, the first stage of the Builder House of Technology was introduced with a cinema for 500 seats (now the Builder House of Culture).
The village of Zaveta Ilyich meets its glorious 65th anniversary in scaffolding, which means that it has a great future. Only now, the name of the village somehow sounds today’s dissonance. But we should think about it all together, just do not rush.
Yuri Timofeev, a native of the village of Zaveta Ilyich
Newspaper Pushkino near Moscow
A photo and
Part one
I will divide the story into two stories. One will be almost positive, the other how it will turn out. Although, I know for sure that it will turn out sadly. But let's start with the positive.
Today I’ll tell you about the settlement of the Testament of Ilyich, which is located between the village of Vanino ( which it is high time to assign the status of a city) and the city of Sovetskaya Gavan. Not exactly between, but on the way - exactly.
Reference. “The history of the village of Zaveta Ilyich as a permanent settlement began at the end of the 20s of the XX century. According to the local historian S. Smetanin,“ in 1929, volunteers were recorded in the Astrakhan region to resettle in Sovetskaya Gavan to create a fishing collective farm. The first settlers liked the place and the land, and in February 1930, the Yerevan steamer approached the harbor bound by hard ice.
Unloaded right on the ice. Tents were erected on the Menshikov Peninsula. In the first batch there were only men. They had to build housing for families. At the general meeting, the board of the collective farm, which was called the "Testament of Ilyich," was elected. Twenty-five thousandth Novikov became the chairman.
Later, the collective farm was transferred to the shore of Severnaya Bay. The village was named Novoastrakhansky, a village council was elected.
It was difficult for many migrants to endure climate change and poor living conditions. To improve nutrition, they organized a subsidiary farm on the Hadya River, then a dairy farm. But the fire that happened destroyed everything. And again, it was necessary to start all over again.
In 1934, the Novoastrakhansky village council was liquidated, the village was named the Testament of Ilyich. At this time, he became already a large working village.
The collective farm grew stronger, and with it the village grew. But the war began. From the village, from the collective farm, marines went into battle.
In 1947, the collective farm "Testament of Ilyich" was transferred to South Sakhalin in the Nevelsky district. And its name was preserved by the village of the Testament of Ilyich. "
It was, let's say, civic lyrics. Why civil? Everyone who is more or less familiar with the Far East knows that the army is our ffso. In the sense that the coast and further dry land, i.e. on the land border - all of this is “populated” by the military. It was populated. Populated - it is built up with all kinds of previously ( and now) closed towns, structures of military units, fortifications and other militaristic good. So here. Sovetskaya Gavan has always been a "refuge" of the Far Eastern aircraft ( walking, rolling and stationary), and located near the settlement of the Testament of Ilyich for a long time was ... scary to say. Read, in general.
"28th Nuclear Submarine Division
Base: p. Zaveta Ilyich, b.Postovaya, Sovgavan - / project 613, 627, 659T /
Formed in 1981-82 as part of the Sakhalin Flotilla / based on 110? Division Pl Sludge. After the disbandment, a sludge division was formed at its base.
Commanders:
1985-1988 - Anokhin Nikolay Vasilyevich K-adm
1988-1990 - Denisov Anatoly Petrovich k1r
NS:
19 ?? - 1988 - Denisov Anatoly Petrovich
1988-19 ?? - Sysuev Yuri Nikolaevich
Historical reference
On November 21, 1939, the formation of the 5th STOF submarine brigade under the command of Captain 3rd Rank Chursin Serafim Evgenievich was completed.
The 5th brigade included:
31 submarine divisions (4 U-type submarines);
21 submarine divisions (4 submarines of type “M”);
25 submarine division (4 submarines of type "M").
On March 12, 1941, the 5th submarine brigade was reorganized into the 3rd STOF submarine brigade. On January 1, 1955, on the basis of the 3rd brigade of submarines, the 9th separate STOF submarine brigade was formed. On December 1, 1982, the 90th Separate Submarine Brigade was reorganized into the 28th Submarine Division.
In August-December 1942, 252 sailors and 8 officers were sent to replenish units of the Red Army. In 1943, another 70 people were sent to the fronts with fascist Germany. The ships of the brigade during the Second World War were in operational readiness and carried out reconnaissance missions. Submarines Shch-116, Shch -117, Shch-118, Shch-119 went on combat missions.
July 18, 1942 during a stop at the Naval base of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur as a result of sabotage, a catastrophe occurred - an explosion on the submarine Shch-138. The submarine Shch-118 was also damaged. Killed 43 people.
On October 7, 1944, the 9th submarine division consisting of 6 M-type submarines departed for the Black Sea Fleet to participate in the hostilities against fascist Germany.
During the military operations against militaristic Japan, the Zarnitsa ICR conducted mine-laying operations at the border of the naval zone and in the Tatar Strait.
Submarines and ships of the brigade participated in conducting reconnaissance of the transportation of fuel by landing reconnaissance groups, protecting mine positions in the northern part of the Tatar Strait.
For participation in the battles during the Great Patriotic War and World War II for the shown courage and bravery, 78 sailors of foremen and brigade officers were awarded orders and medals of the USSR.
On June 1, 1990, the 28th submarine division was reorganized into the 60th submarine brigade. And December 31, 1992 60 submarine brigade reorganized into the 36th submarine division of the Soviet-Havana Naval Base.
Composition of the compound:
"Щ-115", "Щ-116", "Щ-117", "Щ-118",
"Щ-119", "Щ-120", SKR "Zarnitsa", floating base "Kulu"
“M-25”, “M-26”, “M-27”, “M-28”, “M-43”, “M-44”, “M-45”,
“M-46”, “M-47”, “M-48”, “M-251”, “M-252”, “M-253”, “M-285”, “M-286”, “M -291 ”,“ M-292 ”,“ M-293 ”,“ M-294 ”
S-23, S-25, S-26, S-68, S-77, S-78, S-86, S-87, S -88 "," S-94 "," S-117 "," S-118 "," S-119 "," S-220 "," S-145 "," S-221 "," S-222 "," S-237 "," S-240 "," S-262 "," S-275 "," S-278 "," S-294 "," S-328 "," S-332 ", S-334, S-335, S-336, S-337, S-359, S-393, S-176
“K-14”, “K-45”, “K-133”, “K-151”, “K-259”, 120 crew, 127 crew.
Famous submarines compounds:
Submarine Shch-117 (S-117) ...
Nuclear submarine "K-14" ...
Guards nuclear submarine "K-133" ...
Nuclear submarine "K-151" ...
Heroes of the Soviet Union:
Red Navy Zones,
captain 1st rank Dmitry Golubev,
captain 2nd rank Lomov Eduard Dmitrievich,
captain 2nd rank Stolyarov Lev Nikolaevich,
the captain of the 2nd rank Usenko Nikolay Vitalievich,
engineer Captain 2nd Rank Morozov Ivan Fedorovich.
Commanders of the compounds:
Captain 3rd rank Chursin Serafim Evgenievich (1939);
Captain 1st Rank Vladimir Matveevich Prokofiev (1952-1955);
Captain 2 ranks Yury Sergeyevich Bodarevsky (1952-1953);
Rear Admiral Pavel Denisovich Sukhomlinov (1955-1956);
Captain 1st rank Alexander Gezimovich Kozin (1956-1960);
Captain 1st rank Ivanov Yuri Vasilievich (1960-1961);
Captain 1st Rank Speransky Nikolai Borisovich (1961-1968);
Captain 1st rank Vitaliy Kandalintsev (1970-1976), UPD ( from May 1972 to August 1976 - Rear Admiral)
;
Captain 1st Rank Zakharovsky Vladimir Dmitrievich (1976-1978);
Captain 1st Rank Anatoly Nikiforovich Kritsky (1978-1979);
Captain 1st rank Pereborov Boris Nikolaevich (1979-1982);
Rear Admiral Nikolai Anokhin (1982-1987);
Captain 1st rank Denisov V. Anatoly Petrovich (1987-1990);
Captain 1st rank Suvalov Yuri Vasilievich (1990-1993);
Captain 1st rank Peredero Vladimir Andreevich (1993-2003);
Captain 1st rank Anikin Alexander Leonidovich (since 2003). ”
Are you impressed? Of course!
In addition to submariners and marines, the 75th aviation commandant's office (military unit 62429) was located in the village, and there is even / was even a military airfield ( i did not give out any state secrets?) But this is so, from the accessible to the layman :) Somewhere else there should be rocket launchers, but I'm not in the know.
Also in the village of Testaments of Ilyich 1955 to 1995 was located the Drama Theater of the Pacific Fleet ( theater! TOF! in the village!). It was organized in 1932, at the Vladivostok House of the Red Army and Navy. Before the war, such masters of the stage as the student of A.D. Dikogo, J. S. Stein, and the honored artist of the RSFSR V.I. Moskvin ( son of the famous mkhatovets I.M. Moskvin), People's Artist of the RSFSR, Professor B. M, Sushkevich, student of V. Meyerhold N. N. Butorin, future head of the Leningrad Music Hall I. Rakhlin. During the Great Patriotic War, the theater toured the military units and ships of the Pacific Fleet, and when the war with Japan began, the team, divided into front-line brigades, worked in the army, participated in the liberation of China and Korea.
In 1996, the theater returned from the Testaments to Vladivostok.
What else is the village famous for? Not far from him, the famous frigate "Pallas" rested in his last raid. You do not know what a Pallas is like? Well, finally ... Then here. Read the Far East, listen to these names and events! There is a lot of text, but you must be obliged to know this.
"... The fate of the Pallas military frigate from birth was unusual and surprising. It’s enough to say that the first commander of the ship was the wonderful Russian naval commander Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov, who had sailed around the world before the frigate“ Cruiser "... The frigate was built according to the best examples of its time, made of first-class materials and differed from most other ships by its emphasized severity of lines, elegant finish, and this is not surprising: after all, its construction was supervised by the most experienced master of shipbuilding, Colonel Stoke ... Sooru the sailboat was cuddling a little less than a year, and on September 1, 1832, it stepped off the slipways.
Here are some data about the frigate: its length is 52.7 meters, its width is 13.3 meters, and its speed is 12 knots. 52 guns were installed on the ship ...
When the team was instructed to make a voyage around the world, the Pallas was celebrating its twentieth anniversary ... From the port of Kronstadt to foreign shores the frigate set sail on a rainy autumn day of 1852. The Pallada was commanded by Lieutenant Commander I. S. Unkovsky, a graduate of Admiral Lazarev, an excellent navigator, a strong-willed and sensible commander.
His team included captain-lieutenant K. Posyet, lieutenants - V. Rimsky-Korsakov, I. Butakov, P. Tikhmenev, N. Kridner, S. Tyrkov, N. Savich, S. Schwartz, I. Belavenets, A. Shlipenbakh , midshipmen - P. Anjou, A. Bolotin. P. Zeleny, A. Kolokoltsev, naval artillery captain K. Losev, non-mercenary V. Plyushkin, naval naval corps headquarters captain A. Khalezov, lieutenant L. Popov 1st, second lieutenant I. Moiseev 3rd, custodian of second-lieutenant J. Isto min, senior doctor head doctor A. Arefyev, junior doctor G. Weirich, ship engineer’s corps second-lieutenant I. Zarubin, archimandrite Avvakum, college assessor O. Goshkevich, midshipman - 4, cadet - 1, unter- 32 officers, privates 365, non-combatants 30, musicians 26. The main goal of the expedition, which was headed by the post detecting Admiral EV Putyatin - to conclude trade treaty with Japan.
To compile a chronicle of the voyage and record protocols during negotiations with Japanese representatives, the admiral included another person in the team and a special order was issued on the appointment of Collegiate Assessor Goncharov, the current head of the department of foreign trade, as secretary to Adjutant General Putyatin for the long-term sailing frigate "Pallas," about the monetary allowance of this official. " This official was Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov. He really served as a college assessor then, but was widely known to Russian readers as a wonderful writer, author of the popular novel Ordinary History, which Belinsky himself admired. Going on a long voyage from childhood was his cherished desire.
“I dreamed — and have long dreamed — of this voyage,” he wrote, stepping onto the deck of the Pallas frigate, “maybe from the moment the teacher told me that if you go from any point non-stop, you’ll return to her on the other hand ... "
One misfortune followed another ... But even more cruel trials fell on their lot in the Pacific ... The expedition, led by renowned natural scientist captain-lieutenant Konstantin Nikolayevich Posyet, carried out the survey and inventory of the coast, important for science, made a number of valuable corrections to the maps that were then used sailors from different countries, and in addition, three convenient parking lots for ships were opened. New names were given to the Russian names - Unkovsky Bay, Lazarev Port and Posyet Bay ...
On the thirteenth day, the Pallas entered the port of Hong Kong. Here the admiral first learned about the Russian-Turkish conflict. A war was brewing with England and France ... The Pallas headed for the Ryu-ku Islands, visited the port of Napa on the island of Okinawa, and on February 9, the admiral sent a frigate to Manila, not knowing that on this day England and France terminated the contract with Russia. The English admiral Price was already pulling a squadron of ships to the coast of Chile to launch an attack on the frigate "Pallada" and capture it. An old sailing ship that had served its age, of course, could not cope with screw ships, but he nevertheless decided to “shake the old days” and began to prepare for battle. In the case of encirclement in an unequal battle, it was decided to blow up the frigate. However, they soon had to refuse to meet with the English ships - a completely different instruction came from Petersburg: to hide the “Pallas” at the mouth of the Amur.
Unkovsky struggled for more than two months to fulfill this order, trying to introduce a huge, massive frigate into the winding and narrow mouth of the river. The fairway did not have sufficient depth, was dotted with countless shallows and pitfalls. Not succeeding, the captain turned the ship back to the Imperial (now Soviet) harbor, put the "Pallas" in the distant Konstantinovsky bay. On two sides hills approached the bay, reliably protecting the ship from the winds and from prying eyes. All guns and ammunition from the ship were removed, transferred to the frigate "Diana", which had arrived in time, on which Admiral Putyatin planned to continue his journey to Japan and then return to Petersburg ...
The fate of the frigate, meanwhile, ended tragically. After the crew left the ship, only Lieutenant Kuznetsov, boatswain Sinitsyn and ten sailors remained on board. In the instructions given to Kuznetsov, it was ordered "in case of the enemy entering the harbor, burn the frigate, and try to reach the shore before settling on the Amur." Sailors carefully guarded the ship, pumped water out of the hold, vigilantly watched as if the enemy had not entered the harbor ...
The enemy, looking for a Russian frigate, went to the strait itself. And then suddenly the most absurd, unjustifiable order of the naval command arrived - to sink the Pallas.
Here is how G. I. Nevelskaya writes about this in the book of his memoirs: “The chief of the Konstantinovsky post, Lieutenant Kuznetsov, in a letter dated November 25, informed me: The imperial harbor was covered with ice, that the enemy did not show that the whole team was healthy, there was food for 10 months. ..At the time I received this report from Kuznetsov ... midshipman Razgradsky arrived, whom Rear Admiral Zavoiko sent to the Imperial Harbor in order to flood the Pallada frigate there, and return the team with Kuznetsov to Nikolaevsk. some time he detained Razgradsky in the Mariinsky Port, henceforth, until the answer from Zavoyko, to whom, transmitting the report to Kuznetsov, he wrote: “... There is not even the least extreme to be destroyed in the destruction of the Pallas frigate, because before the opening of the Imperial Harbor, I’m at least 1856 months old to follow a truce and even peace, and therefore it is necessary ... to confirm Kuznetsova if the world does not follow and the enemy enters with the aim to take possession of the frigate, act exactly according to the instructions given to him, that is, blow up the frigate and retreat to the forest with people nap ION to Khungari. Such an action will have a much greater impact on the enemy in our favor than flooding without any extreme frigate, which can be removed from the harbor, in the event of peace in the spring of 1856 ... ". To this proposal ... Zavoyko .. . answered me that, in view of the orders given to him, he could not accept my suggestion, which was contrary to these orders, to his responsibility, and therefore strictly ordered Razgradsky to immediately go to the Imperial harbor and flood the Pallas frigate there. hellish, following the settlement of Khungari to the Imperial Harbor, arrived there on January 17, 1856, that is, in 16 days; he flooded the frigate "Pallas" at Konstantinovsky’s post and, taking the team that was in this post with Kuznetsov, returned to the same route on March 20 Nikolaev post "...
In 1923, the sailors of the "Red October" found and sent to the Vladivostok port the anchor of the frigate, and a little later - a copper porthole and part of the bulwark of the famous sailing ship. Before the Great Patriotic War, the divers-Epronists again examined in detail the historical sailing ship and found that it lies at a 20-meter depth. Neither the masts nor the upper superstructures were found - obviously, they were blown away by ice. The frigate’s hull, eaten in places by a sea worm, surrounded by shells and algae, has been preserved relatively well. And then a message appeared in the press: “In 1941, Soviet divers would raise a centenary“ literary monument ”from the seabed. The war prevented the implementation of a difficult task ...”
And a little quote. "... When a ship was flooded, the ship lay on its starboard side, and in Soviet times there was a heating vessel above it. The Pallada was littered with waste from this vessel, sludge and slag buried with the right side on the diametrical plane. Maybe this saved a frigate from the final looting, because the shallow depth at the site of flooding, the location of Postovoi Bay within the boundaries of the settlement of Zaveta Ilyich gave everyone access to the frigate.
To date, only the right side of the frigate, immersed in sludge and slag, has been preserved. In 1989, the expedition of the Vostok club raised the structural elements of the Pallas. At the moment, they can be seen in the museum. Arsenyev ".
"Pallas" erected a monument on the shore in a forest. Honestly, I’m not sure that it has survived ...
Well, about the more accessible and still preserved. In the village near the garrison House of Fleet Officers, on the initiative and forces of the submariners, a submarine cabin, pr.613 "S-88", was installed. There are other interesting objects next to the cabin, but about them - after. Another “underwater” monument has not been preserved. It was also assembled by the whole world, erected on its own. Quoting: “On January 3, 1998, the marine collection magazine with the documentary“ The Secret of the Disappearing Pike ”arrived at the connection of submarines of military unit 15058 with mail correspondence. In it, the author described in detail the last days of the S - 117 boat, which, performing combat assignment, sank in the Tatar Strait ... ". The deputy commander of the formation of submarines, Captain II rank VV Piskaykin holds a general meeting of the military personnel of the connection with the agenda:" On the construction of a monument to the crew of the submarine "S - 117". Sketches of the monument were commissioned to make a professional artist foreman of the first article of V.I. Kozlov ...
There was no money for the construction of the monument. The forces of the personnel of the compound from the decommissioned submarine cut a piece more than four meters long with a hatch and an emergency buoy. With the help of the torpedo-gun it was removed and taken to the place of installation of the monument ... A plaque was made in the institution of the village. Vanino Throughout autumn and winter, the personnel of the compound carried out welding work, made the basis of the monument. In May, gravel and sand were brought to the shore of Postovaya Bay.
July 10, 1999 - a significant day in the history of the erection of the monument: the first slabs were laid at its base. Work began on its decoration. It took more than 20 trucks of natural stone, delivered two anchors, an anchor chain. He supervised the work and participated in the construction of the monument to V.V. Piskaykin.
The monument was unveiled on May 31, 1999, on the day of the sixtieth anniversary of the formation of the North Pacific Flotilla, which included PLC - 117 ... "
Tired of text? Then there will be only pictures. First, old pictures.
Postova Bay
613th. Spring 1975
Crew S-221 on the pier in Postova Bay
Ships on conservation. Soviet-Havana naval base, Postova Bay, Pacific Fleet, 1991
But this frame is interesting in its continuation ( although it’s already, like, and Sovgavan) Take a look. Then.
And people. Then ( at the parade of the Navy, Precepts of Ilyich, personnel of 3 companies of 5 platoon of ShMAS, 74).
And now ( 2008 year).
And for those who are poorly guided in our vast, I set up a bonus.
The map is old.
And the map is new.
Do everyone remember Salmon? :) Here it is, from the other testament of Ilyichensk shore.
Recently Anton Nosik wrote about aircraft carriers. And here I once saw this in the windows of the house on Nikolaev Street 8 indicated in the village title:
These are the very famous Minsk and Novorossiysk. Their fate is tragic - repeats the path of the USSR. They went to China for scrap.
It was all in the small village of the Testament of Ilyich, where I lived until 1996. Now I’m exploring the history of this village, because before that I wrote a book where the actions take place in the village of the Testament of Ilyich. There is even the main character - Pasha. It is called the Six Kings. I don’t give any links yet, because the book is being carefully edited. Already eight pages are ready ... The book will offer photographs found on the network, maybe historical footnotes in the notes, but it is - ideas. For example, such a photo will be in the book for sure (APD: will not, the photographer is against):
It is in this stoker, according to the book, that the genies live - the servants of Shaitan, the terrible messengers of the Kingdom of Fire; moved into stokers, the remains of the Blind Army. Funny stole? Well, the book today is quite good, I’m not ashamed of it, nor ashamed of the genre in which I am most comfortable writing. A remarkable photo, although I did not. I left on the 96th ...
But this is a boat! A very famous monument in the Testaments, which, alas, is no longer there:
A whole heroic story passes through the village of the Testament of Ilyich. I would like to tell, but let the inhabitants of today's talk better. My book is more about childhood memories. That’s why it’s more interesting for me because I’m describing not reality, but my vision of it. I am telling a story! I always tell her everywhere.
Sorry for the monument. However, in the Testaments, it seems, they put another, from a part of a submarine with a hatch. But I will not look at the modern Testaments. Unfortunately, they are in great shape. But for now. There is a unique bay. So the village is still waiting for the future:
The last photo I will show you is my world, with which I saw it in '96. These are just those places, the photo covers them completely and completely: